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SHORT EXTRACTS 



FROM LUCIAN 

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raitlj Entrotmctians ant) Notes 

BY 

CHARLES RICHARD WILLIAMS A.M. 

PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 
LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY 



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Boston 

JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER 
1SS5 

[Copyright, iSSs, by John Ai.lyn] 



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University Press : John Wilson & Son, 
Cambridge 






CONTENTS. 



These ' Extracts' are taken from a larger book, ' Selections from Lucian,' by 
the same editor. The numbering of the pages has not been changed, and the gaps 
in the paging show where matter of the larger work has been omitted. 



Page 

General Introduction xi 

The Dream i 

Timon 32 

Dialogues of the Gods 116 

Dialogues of the Sea-Gods 123 

Dialogues of the Dead 132 

Notes 155 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 



I. LIFE OF LUCIAN. 

We are indebted for all we know about the life of Lucian to the 
few details concerning himself which he has incidentally introduced 
into certain of his writings. The ' Dream,' the ' Apologia,' and 
the 'Twice Accused' furnish us with most facts ; but nothing like 
a continuous narrative of his career can be given. Philostratus, 
his contemporary, who wrote ' Lives of the Sophists,' makes no 
mention of him ; and not unreasonably perhaps, for Lucian's great 
fame was made after he had abandoned those pursuits which fairly 
entitled him to that appellation. In the next centuries he was 
neglected or ignored, from the bigoted belief that he was an enemy 
of Christianity ; and what notices we possess are for this reason 
superficial and erroneous. A brief account is given by Suidas, 
who styles him the ' blasphemer,' and reports that he met his 
death by being torn to pieces by dogs ; expressing furthermore the 
pious belief that his sufferings for the harm he had done the cause 
of Christ did not end with this life, but that he ' would be in the 
life to come an heir of the everlasting fire along with Satan.' 

What we can gather from Lucian's own writings may be stated 
in the following narrative. He was born of Syrian parents at 
Samosata, 1 the capital of Commagene, the northernmost district of 
Syria, — a city of some importance, situated upon the right bank 
of the upper Euphrates. The date of his birth is unknown, but 
there is great reason 2 for believing it to have been about 120 A.D. 

1 Cf. Piscat. 19; De Hist. Conscr. 24. 

a See Smith's Biographical Dictionary for full discussion of chronology. 



Xll GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

He lived till the end of the century. His parents were in humble 
circumstances ; so that, when his school-days were over, it was 
decided, after a family council, that he should be put to learn a 
trade, in order that he might as soon as possible become self- 
supporting. 1 He was consequently apprenticed to his maternal 
uncle, a statuary and stone-mason, — his early aptitude for mould- 
ing figures out of wax giving his father hope that he would soon 
master the art and achieve distinction therein. But this hope was 
doomed to speedy disappointment. The lad entered the studio 
with eager aspirations, but his first experience sufficed to dissipate 
them. He was set to polishing a slab of marble, but in his awk- 
wardness or over-zeal he bore on too heavily, and the slab broke 
under his hands. At this the hot-tempered uncle caught up a 
whip lying conveniently near, and gave him a rather serious 
' initiation,' as Lucian humorously says, into his new career. The 
boy broke away from him and ran home, sobbing and wailing, and 
winning the ready sympathy of his mother ; who grew angry 
enough at her brother as the young runaway maliciously added to 
the narrative of his flogging, that his uncle did it out of pure envy, 
foreseeing already how much he would one day surpass him. The 
night after this adventure he sobbed himself to sleep, in bitter 
memory of the events of the day ; and there came to him — so he 
fabled in after years — a wonderful vision, like that which Prodicus 
had imagined for the young Heracles, in which ' Statuary' and 
'Culture' appeared before him in bodily shape, and pleaded with 
persuasive eloquence their respective causes. With impulsive 
enthusiasm he surrendered himself to ' Culture,' and with her 
journeyed in dream over land and sea, gaining a foretaste of the 
success and glory that awaited him. Although the 'Dream' is 
only a graceful fiction, yet it is no doubt true in so far as it 
indicates that Lucian's youthful imagination was at this time 
fired by some means to a hope of literary eminence, and the 
ardor with which he had first turned to art was converted 
with increased intensity into ambition for the laurels that letters 
confer. 

1 Cf. the opening sections of the ' Dream.' 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xiil 

From this time on he devoted himself to literary pursuits. Just 
what course he followed we do not know ; but while still a young 
man we find him wandering about Ionia, — the chief towns of 
which, Ephesus and Smyrna, were famous for their schools of 
rhetoric, — having no clearly settled plans, and still indicating his 
barbarian origin by his imperfect speech and foreign garb. 1 Here 
it was that he got his rhetorical training, and prepared himself, 
first of all, as it would seem, for the bar. 2 But forensic eloquence, 
with its need of falsehood and chicane, proved distasteful to him, 3 
and he relinquished the law to become a teacher and professor of 
rhetoric. Better success attended his efforts in this direction ; and 
he soon set forth, after the fashion of the sophists of those days, to 
seek his fortune as an itinerant lecturer. He visited the chief 
cities of Ionia and Greece; 4 passed over into Italy, when he no 
doubt spent some time in Rome ; 5 and then extended his journey 
into Gaul. Favor and applause awaited him everywhere, 6 but he 
attained his greatest success in Gaul. Here rhetoric and law were 
cultivated with great enthusiasm, and a lucrative field was con- 
stantly open to the travelling lecturer. 7 The school at Lyons was 
at this time particularly famous, as may be gathered from Eusebius 
and Irenaeus ; and either here or at some other prominent centre 
Lucian enjoyed for several years the honors and emoluments of a 
public professorship, 3 acquiring along with celebrity an ample 
pecuniary competence. 9 

When about forty years 10 of age he appears to have returned 
from Gaul, and, after a visit to his native place, 11 to have removed 

1 Cf. Bis Ace. 27. which the manners of Rome and Athens are 

2 Suidas asserts that he practised before contrasted. But many think that his visit 
the courts of Antioch ; which is rather un- to Rome was after his sojourn in Gaul, 
likely, as Lucian gives no hint of having He may very well have visited it both when 
lived there, nor of having returned to the he went to Gaul and on his return from 
East in his early career. Suidas says fur- there. 

ther that he was not successful as a pleader, 6 Cf. Dream, 15. 

and so took to writing speeches for others, "' Cf. Juvenal, 15, (it. 

of which he composed an immense number. 8 Cf. Apol. 15; and, with reference to 

This is quite possible. the imperial salaries, etc., Capitolinus, Vita 

3 Cf. Piscat. 29; Bis Ace 32. Anton., and Lucian, Eun. 3. 
* Cf. Bis Ace. 27. ' Cf. Bis Ace. 28. 

5 That he was familiar with the life of the 10 Cf. Bis Ace. 32. 
great capital is clear from his ' Nigrinus,' in ll Cf. Dream, 16. 



XIV GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

his family to Athens, 1 and to have made that city his usual resi- 
dence for the greater part of his remaining years. It was at this 
time, too, that he bade farewell to the rhetorical art, 2 the idleness 
of whose aims and methods had roused to worthy indignation and 
disgust all the truer instincts of his soul, — the natural enemy of 
all' pretence and of everything that maketh a lie. 3 We have no 
means of tracing the history of the succeeding years. He devoted 
himself at first, as it would seem, to philosophy, 4 but became 
speedily disgusted with the jangling and wrangling of the Schools, 
and found at last his true field of labor in inventing and developing 
the satiric dialogue, 5 and in using it to lay bare and castigate the 
follies of his age. The works which have given him his enduring 
reputation as one of the greatest wits and satirists of all time 
were in all probability composed in this period. Many years must 
therefore have been spent in quiet literary productiveness, though 
no doubt many a journey for pleasure or with some set purpose 
was undertaken. In 165 he was present at Olympia, and saw the 
famous self-immolation of the apostate Christian and cynic, Pere- 
grinus ; and that was the fourth time 6 that he had been present at 
the celebration. Some time too, in this period, he went to Abono- 
teichos, in Paphlagonia, to visit the celebrated oracle of Alexander, 
the most successful impostor of the age, where his zealous attempt 
to expose humbug and discredit the charlatan came near costing 
him his life. 7 Late in life, after long absence therefrom, he again 
entered the lecture field, — as may be inferred from two prefatory 
addresses, 8 which were evidently used to introduce his courses 
somewhere. But we may be well assured that he treated his 
audiences to no trivial speeches of display such as the sophists 
declaimed, but entertained them with readings of his satiric 
dialogues. 9 

1 Cf. Alexander, 56. 6 Cf. Piscat. 26 ; Prometheus es in Ver- 

2 Cf. Bis Ace. 32. bis, 7. 

3 Cf. Piscat. 20. 6 De Morte Per. 35. 
* This can be inferred from Hermot. 13 ; 7 Alexander, 54-8. 

as also from the opening sections of ' Icaro- 8 Namely, ' Heracles' and ' Tionysus.' 

menippus,' where Lucian, through the mouth See especially the last two sections of each, 
of Menippus, seems to be narrating his own 9 Cf. Dionysus, 6 ; Piscat. 26. 
experiences. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XV 

In his last years, ' one foot almost in Charon's boat,' as he says, 1 
he received an appointment from the Emperor (Commodus, prob- 
ably) to a lucrative and honorable post in the civil service of 
Egypt. 2 His duties were in connection with the courts, and the 
office so important, or his favor at court so great, that he had 
strong hopes of a yet higher appointment. We have no reason to 
suppose that these hopes were realized. He certainly lived to a 
good old age, but where or when or in what manner he died is 
absolutely unknown. His burlesque poetry in celebration of the 
gout 3 makes it probable he may have been harassed by that demon 
of high living ; but one should hardly infer, as some have done, 
that this was the cause of his death. About his domestic life 
nothing is known; but from his mention of a son 4 we can infer 
that he was married, and the whole tenor of his writings gives us 
reason to believe that his home life was happy and agreeable. 



II. THE TIMES OF LUCIAN. 

In order to understand and appreciate the plan and work of 
Lucian, it is necessary to call to mind very briefly the salient char- 
acteristics of the period in which his activity fell. He flourished 
in the brilliant age of the Antonines, characterized by Gibbon 5 with 
somewhat excessive enthusiasm as ' the period in the history of 
the world during which the condition of the human race was most 
happy and prosperous.' Profound peace reigned, as it had done 
for generations, throughout the vast extent of the Roman domin- 
ions. Absolute power, wielded with virtue and wisdom, produced 
the world over a sense of security and comparative freedom. Men 
could go and come as they pleased, could think and say what they 
chose. Local institutions still retained much of their old-time 
significance and influence, and imperial taxation had not yet become 

1 SeeApol. i. *■ See Eunuchus, 13. 

2 Cf. Apol. 12. 5 « Decline and Fall,' ch. iii. 
8 See Podagra and Ocypus. 



XVI GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

an onerous burden. But there is a darker side to the picture. 
The absorption of all power in one head, the dying out of local 
patriotism and of the spirit of conquest and aggrandizement, the 
universal contempt felt by the better classes for commercial pur- 
suits, left the world without high ambitions and worthy aims. The 
vast proportions to which slavery had grown, coupled with the 
consequent disappearance of a strong and healthful yeomanry and 
an active middle class, gives the age, with all its glitter, a hope- 
less, helpless air to him who looks beneath the surface. The 
attainment of riches and pleasure was pursued with mad eagerness 
and with unscrupulous regard for means. The rich were opulent, 
the poor a dependent rabble. Society was voluptuous, luxurious, 
licentious. The four corners of the earth were ransacked for new 
delicacies and strange dainties with which to excite the jaded 
appetite and minister to the pampered taste. And when not even 
the deified wife of a blameless emperor could escape from the just 
censure of deserved reproach, we can only form in imagination 
'some faint and shuddering conception' of the depth of degradation 
to which practical morality had fallen. 

The culture of the age was essentially Greek. Under the early 
emperors the Latin language and literature had been resplendent. 
But now the Greek, which had become the universal language of 
the Eastern provinces, encroached more and more upon the West. 
The professional teachers were Greek, and their instruction was 
imparted in their native tongue. Already Juvenal 1 complains of the 
vast influx of Greek teachers, parasites, adventurers of every sort. 
Even the Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in his soul-searching 
meditations designed for no eye but his own, expressed himself in 
Greek. The literary activity of the age was in its way immense. 
But there was lacking the stimulus of great ideas, great aspirations, 
great hopes ; and so, with all the writing and declaiming, all the 
ardor for correct style and rhetorical finish, the age had little to 
bequeath to posterity of lasting merit and enduring fame. Teachers, 
litterateurs, and philosophers closely resembled one another, in 
their general aims and methods, and were classed together under 
» Sat. 3, 74 ff. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XVli 

the generic name 'Sophists,' — a title to which no opprobrium 
attached at this time. Men of letters cared little for the subject- 
matter of their discourse, but devoted themselves to the attainment 
of the graces and elegancies of style with a zealous enthusiasm 
which it is impossible for us to appreciate, difficult for us to under- 
stand. The masterpieces of the classic age were earnestly studied ; 
but not so much for the purpose of kindling the imagination at 
their glowing fires and gaining inspiration from their quickening 
vigor of thought and wealth of ideas, as with the design of increas- 
ing the store of expressions and figures, and of gaining by servile 
imitation a correct habit of speech. These literary craftsmen wan- 
dered over the world with their fine phrases and graceful tropes, 
much as singers and show people do at present, giving courses of 
lectures and instruction in city after city, and winning applause 
and remuneration in proportion to their eloquence and fame. The 
subjects they discussed were often of the most trivial, puerile sort. 
Neither audience nor orator cared so much for the matter as the 
manner. Empty declamations about tyrants, wordy panegvrics 
upon great men or measures of former days, and subtile disqui- 
sitions upon insignificant but puzzling questions of casuistry, were 
much in vogue. Sometimes the attention of the audience was 
excited by the defence of some startling paradox, or a brilliant 
tour- de-force in praise of Baldness or the Fever, or even the Fly 
or the Gnat : while some even allowed the audience to select the 
subject, relying upon their well-stored memory for choice phrases 
and graceful images in which, with pleasing elocution, to adorn the 
chosen theme. But sometimes the speaker came in the mean garb 
of the Cynic, and thundered forth, with the zeal of the fanatic 
preacher, indignant protests at the luxury and license of society 
and the heedless corruption of life. 

While the philosophers were still divided into the old sects, 
yet the lines of separation were no longer so sharply drawn. Phi- 
losophy had lost its keenness of dialectic, its boldness and origi- 
nality of speculation. It was contenting itself with unreasoning 
dependence upon the great masters, and was spending its energies 
in futile quibbling such as would have delighted the narrow 

b 



XVlll GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

Schoolman of the Middle Ages. But more and more it had been 
taking the place which religion should occupy, and was seeking to 
become the guide of life. This is especially true of Stoicism, the 
last great master, the perfect embodiment of whose culture swayed 
the sceptre of universal power. Hadrian had set the fashion, which 
was still followed, of endowing from the imperial treasury chairs of 
the different philosophical sects in the important cities. Under 
the influence of royal patronage, philosophy played a most exten- 
sive and important role in the life of the times. But this very fact 
contributed to its degeneracy. It became a sort of profession or 
trade to which multitudes resorted, as in the Middle Ages to the 
religious orders, for the easy life it offered. They had no marks of 
the true disciples of philosophy except the long beard, the staff, the 
short coarse mantle ; but acting in her name, they brought to her 
disgrace and death, by their scandalous eagerness for profit and 
place, and the shameless excesses of their private lives. The house- 
hold of no great or wealthy man was complete without its domestic 
sophist, who appears to have been a sort of literary and philo- 
sophical adviser of the family. He. occupied a prominent place at 
the board of his patron, read lectures at his request, corrected his 
verses, and praised his amateur rhetorical exercises. But this 
position was often one of galling servitude and contemptuous 
neglect, as Lucian's essay upon the subject abundantly shows. 

The religious condition of the second century cannot fail to excite 
in the thoughtful observer feelings of profound pity and wonder. 
' The various modes of worship,' to use a famous sentence of 
Gibbon's, 1 ' were all considered by the people as equally true ; by 
the philosopher as equally false ; and by the magistrate as equally 
useful.' Religion had ceased to exercise moral correction or con- 
trol over men. Thinking men had long ago given up the popular 
faith, and it had been gradually weakening its hold upon the people. 
Under the influence and example of the devout Antonines, a 
spasmodic attempt to revive a sort of orthodox belief in the ancient 
religion was in progress. At the same time, from Egypt and the 
East mysticism and strangely sensual systems of faith were pressing 

1 ' Decline and Fall,' ch. ii. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XIX 

in, and attracting attention and devotees. There was a revolt 
against the materialism and scepticism of the first century ; the 
tendency now was to the other extreme of unreasoning faith in the 
supernatural and of limitless superstition. Times were ripening 
for the mysticism of the Neo-Platonic school. Paganism was put- 
ting forth its last great effort to maintain its hold upon man. The 
oracles resumed their offices; new ones sprang into being; magic, 
astrology, superstitious observances of every sort flourished; and 
religious impostors and charlatans, exorcists and conjurors, reaped 
a full harvest of willing victims. 

But all this time, ignored or neglected by scholar and moralist, 
misunderstood, maligned, hated by the great masses, repressed and 
persecuted by the throne, a new influence was at work in the 
lower orders of society which was destined, like the little leaven, 
to transform the whole mass ; a new light was shining forth from 
Galilee, illuminating and irradiating many a dark corner of the 
world with new life and hope, — a light which was yet to bid the 
moral darkness disappear, and to ' lighten the whole world.' 



III. LUCIAN'S WRITINGS. 

Something over eighty different writings pass under Lucian's 
name. Of this number many are unquestionably spurious ; many 
more of doubtful authenticity. 1 In the collection as we have it 
there is no attempt at arrangement, either logical or chronological. 2 
The writings would naturally fall into two general divisions : those 
composed previously to his fortieth year, before the rhetorical pro- 
fession was given up ; and those of the remainder of his life. One 
finds little difficulty in assigning each production, with a tolerable 
degree of certainty, to one or the other of these classes. Those 

1 Sommerbrodt considers 22 unauthentic ; relative chronology of the various writings, 

Bekker, 2S ; W. Dindorf, n. All three see A.Planck, in Program for Seminary at 

are agreed in the rejection of 7. Urach, 1850. 

* For an interesting attempt to settle the 



XX GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

of a purely rhetorical or grammatical nature, or upon subjects of 
little human interest, belong of course to the earlier period ; while 
everything that indicates the man of broad common sense, that 
has a marked tendency, we at once think of as the product of his 
pen after he had turned his back upon the frivolous pursuits of the 
sophists. 

I. We have probably only a small part of Lucian's early compo- 
sitions ; those, most likely, which he himself considered worthiest 
to live. These may be classified as prefatory, critical, and declama- 
tory pieces. The ' Dream ' is an example of the prefatory speeches, 1 
which were used as a sort of prelude to a course of readings. 
Some anecdote or pleasing incident is gracefully narrated, and is 
given such a turn that it reflects credit upon the speaker, and 
excites the curiosity of the audience as to what he is about to say. 
Of the critical pieces, the ' Trial before the Vowels' is worthy of 
mention. Sigma brings a complaint of ejection against Tan, who 
has usurped his place in so many words. The trial is ingeniously 
conducted after the Athenian forms, and is interesting as evidence 
of Lucian's thorough study of the language. The declamations are 
of the true sophistical sort, as such titles as the ' Tyrannicide,' the 
' First and Second Phalaris ' (Tyrant of Agrigentum), and the 
' Encomium of a Fly,' clearly indicate. The last well repays read- 
ing, as a masterpiece of the class to which it belongs. The light 
and graceful manner in which the habits of the fly are described is 
very entertaining. 

II. The numerous and diversified writings of the second class 
cannot be arranged in the order of their composition. It is prob- 
able that most of the narrative pieces were written first, and that 
perfection of dialogue indicates a later period in Lucian's literary 
career. But this principle must not be carried too far. In nearly 
all the productions of the second period there is either a clearly 
sounded note or an easily distinguished undertone of satire. Lucian's 
disgust with rhetoric was probably no sudden fancy, but a con- 
stant growth during the years he devoted to her service, as he saw 

1 Two prefatory speeches, the ' Heracles ' and the ' Dionysus,' already referred to 
above, belong to Lucian's old age. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXI 

the shallowness of her methods and the emptiness of the results 
attained. Life must have something better worth one's serious 
effort than writing rhetorical tours-de-force upon trite and trivial 
themes. So he turned to the profounder study of philosophy, 
only to find the same puerilities of method prevalent among the 
Schools, the same barrenness of practical results attendant upon 
their teachings. The religion of his times, with its childish credu- 
lity, its boundless superstition, aroused him to pity and derision. 1 
Society, with its upstarts and ftarvenus, its fortune-hunters and 
parasites, its grossness and Philistinism, its barbaric luxury and 
corruption, appalled him. Gradually, to his clear common sense, 
his directness and love of truth, came the full consciousness of his 
mission in the world. With the zeal of an iconoclast, he entered 
the lists against the tendencies of the day, and wielded without 
cessation his merciless powers of mockery and ridicule against the 
false rhetoric, the degenerate philosophy, the vain religion, and the 
depraved society which prevailed about him. It is impossible in 
our limits to mention and characterize each composition. It must 
suffice to call attention to the most notable. It is to be borne in 
mind, too, that some pieces could very well be assigned to more 
than one class. 

1. Against the Rhetoricians. — Of Lucian's contributions 
to criticism, the little brochure which treats ' Of Writing History' 
has the greatest permanent value. In the first part he exposes and 
ridicules the faults and affectations of the historians of the Parthian 
war (a.d. i 6 i - i 66) ; their lack of symmetry — their servile imita- 
tion of the letter without catching the spirit of Thucydides and 
Herodotus — their shameless distortion of fact in order to exalt the 
glory of their own side. In the second part he lays down principles 
to be observed in writing history, insisting upon truth, impartiality, 
independence, critical weighing of evidence, careful regard for his- 
torical perspective, breadth and consistency of view, along with a 
correct and pleasing style, as the chief merits of a true historian. 

1 Compare the closing sentence of De Sac- a Democritus : the one to laugh at the igno- 
rificiis, where the declaration is made that ranee of the masses; the other, to deplore 
the popular belief demands a Heracleitus or their folly. 



XX11 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

The ' School for Orators' points out in the bitterest irony a royal 
road to success in the rhetorical art. Ignorance and audacity are 
the great prerequisites which the aspirant must possess. He must 
dress in the height of fashion, have a retinue of servants, use 
strange, unintelligible words and Attic shibboleths, scatter his dis- 
course with flowers from every source, talk about the famous 
commonplaces of history, whether applicable to the subject in hand 
or not, scold his audience, praise himself, and success will be 
assured. For his private life, let him have as many amours and be 
as devoid of virtue as possible. These directions are represented 
as coming from a distinguished professor of the art, who is sup- 
posed to have been Pollux. Swift, in his ' Directions for Servants,' 
imitates the tone and manner of this piece. In the ' Lexiphanes ' 
the prevalent affectation for strange, obsolete, or new-fangled 
expressions is most humorously criticised. Lexiphanes, a young 
rhetorician, reads a composition of the newest sort. Lucian listens 
to the absurd hodge-podge as long as he can endure it ; breaks the 
reader off, and advises him to take an emetic to clear his system of 
the disease of verbiage, so that he ' may understand and speak like 
a human being.' The young man is prevailed upon to do so, and 
is greatly relieved ; whereupon Lucian lays down a course of read- 
ing in the old poets and prose writers, by which the last vestiges 
of the malady will be effaced and mental and rhetorical health 
restored. 

2. Against the Philosophers. — ' Hermotimus,' ' Sale of 
Lives,' ' The Angler,' ' Lapithae,' ' The Fugitives,' ' The Twice 
Accused,' and ' Icaromenippus ' are the dialogues in which the 
enervated philosophy of the time is most severely handled. The 
tone of the ' Hermotimus ' is prevailingly of the most earnest char- 
acter, though relieved by many a humorous side remark or sly 
laugh. It is aimed especially at the Stoics, but it spares none of 
the sects. The discussion is conducted in the true Socratic fashion ; 
and the enthusiastic Stoic, who has devoted twenty years to the 
study of his system, and feels that he has made only a start, is 
brought to the conviction that it is impossible to decide which 
system, if any, will lead to the truth ; that with life so short it is 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxiii 

an idle waste of effort to attempt to attain to the mythical per- 
fection which the Schools profess to teach, but which the sad 
lives of the professors belie ; and that virtue really consists in 
action. The Stoic acts upon this new conviction, and abandons 
philosophy. 

'The Sale of Lives' and 'The Angler' are among the brightest 
and cleverest of Lucian's productions. In the first, Hermes, at the 
bidding of Zeus, sells the ancient philosophers at public auction. 
Ten philosophers in all are offered for sale, of whom Aristippus, 
Democritus, and Heracleitus find no purchaser. The rest go off at 
very different prices. Socrates fetches two talents; 1 Chrysippus, 
twelve minae ; Pythagoras, ten minae ; Aristotle, twenty minae ; 
Epicurus, two minae ; Pyrrho. the sceptic, one mina ; while Dioge- 
nes is as good as given away for two obols. As each is upon the 
stand, his accomplishments are described, and a travesty of his 
teachings humorously given by the auctioneer. It is more than 
likely that this dialogue roused strong feeling against Lucian ; at 
all events, he felt it necessary to explain or defend himself. In 
'The Angler' the philosophers are represented as alive for a day, 
to take vengeance upon Lucian for his' scandalous treatment of 
them. He denies that he is their enemy, asserting that to them he 
owes the chief beauties of his style, and asks for a hearing before 
condemnation. It is agreed that Philosophy herself shall be the 
judge. Lucian knows not where she may be found. Many persons 
with long beards and grave demeanor have given him directions to 
her abode, but these have all proved false. Luckily, as they pro- 
ceed, they meet her in the Portico, with Virtue, Temperance, and 
the like in her train, and near her Truth, — 'a colorless form, all 
but imperceptible,' — of whom Lucian catches only a glimpse; 
whereupon they repair to the temple of Athena, and the trial 
begins. Plato is asked to make the accusation, for his ' marvellous 
sublimity of thought, Attic sweetness of diction,' and manifold 
other graces, peculiarly fit him for this office. But he declines; and 
Diogenes, the Cynic, who had brought only sixpence at the sale, 
makes the charge, alleging in earnest, weighty wise that Lucian had 

1 A talent was about $ 1,100, the mina about $ 20, the obol about 3 cents. 



XXIV GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

calumniated the philosophers, and made Philosophy herself a by- 
word and a reproach. He is more scurrilous than the comedians ; 
nay, even, he has stolen from Philosophy her old servant Dialogue, 
and converted him into an antagonist. Lucian replies that his 
reverence for genuine Philosophy is unbounded ; that his attack 
had reference only to the sham philosophers of the present day, — 
unworthy disciples of the illustrious dead-, ' mere asses in lions' 
skins.' They, not he, bring Philosophy into contempt. Against 
them — them only — his hot ire is kindled. Lucian is acquitted, 
and is hailed as the real friend of Truth. And now it is resolved 
to put the quack philosophers on trial. Syllogism summons them 
into court in the name of Virtue, Philosophy, and Justice. Hardly 
a man appears. Lucian proclaims a distribution of gifts to all who 
call themselves philosophers, with an extra present to those with 
long beards. The Acropolis is immediately thronged with eager 
expectants. But these gentry no sooner discover that Virtue and 
Truth are going to inquire into their lives than off they pack in hot 
haste. One Cynic drops his wallet, which is found to contain, not 
homely food, but gold, ointment, a mirror, and dice ! Truth com- 
missions Lucian to expose the false philosophers, and brand their 
foreheads with 'fox' or 'ape.' He proceeds to catch them in this 
way : he baits a hook with gold and figs, and drops the line over 
the edge of the Acropolis ; and so, to the amusement of the 
assembled virtues and resuscitated philosophers, fishes up and dis- 
poses of many an arrant knave who made philosophy a trade. 

The ' Lapithae' presents us with a wedding- feast, at which a 
representative of each of the philosophical sects assists. They 
alone of all the company are ill-mannered and disorderly. They 
fall into a dispute^ and at last come to blows, when a general 
melee ensues, and eyes and noses suffer. In the confusion the 
lights are put out ; and when another is suddenly produced, the 
philosophers are all discovered in compromising situations. ' The 
Fugitives' satirizes the Cynics especially, who are represented as 
largely made up of vagabonds and runaway slaves. In the ' Twice 
Accused' the philosophy of the day is bitterly characterized ; but 
the piece is most interesting for the last part, — from which it gets 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXV 

its name, — in which Rhetoric and Dialogue prefer charges of ill- 
treatment against Lucian; and we are consequently informed of 
many particulars of his life. 

3. Against the Gods. — The dialogues in which the popular 
religion is especially criticised are among the most brilliant of 
Lucian's performances. Each one repays careful reading. For 
the ' Dialogues of the Gods' the student is referred to the special 
Introduction prefixed to the Notes. ' Prometheus ' and the 
1 Assembly of the Gods ' are really dialogues of the gods, but upon 
a little more elaborate scale than those in the collection of that 
name. The former gives a vivid picture of the relationship be- 
tween gods and men, and puts Zeus, himself a mere usurper, in the 
wrong for jealously condemning Prometheus to the rock and the 
vulture. The latter ridicules the great influx of new gods into 
the Olympic family. Zeus summons the gods to institute a strict 
inquiry into the right and title of each new god : so many have 
been swarming in that they have become a grave nuisance. 
Momus, the personification of grumbling, is the chief spokesman. 
He states the case boldly, not even sparing the illegitimate sons 
of Zeus himself who have been exalted to full godship ; but dwell- 
ing more particularly upon the Eastern and Egyptian divinities 
who have recently crowded into their number. At last a solemn 
decree is fulminated by Zeus, preparing for the election of a com- 
mission of seven of the great gods to examine and adjudicate the 
claims of all to seats in Olympus. Those who cannot make good 
their titles are to be remanded to the tombs of their fathers ! 

In the ' Zeus Confuted ' the very power and godhead of the 
supreme god receives a terrible blow. A Cynic proves, to the com- 
plete but impotent discomfiture of the great Zeus, that, as the 
whole universe is governed by the Plates, he and his compeers are, 
just as men are, only servants or instruments of their power, and 
so his boasted supremacy is an empty myth. The system of future 
rewards and punishments must also fall through, because unreason- 
able. Surely man ought not to be punished nor receive favor for 
what he is compelled to do ; and all his acts must be of that sort, 
if the Fates inevitably foreordain all things. 



XXVI GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

The 'Zeus in Heroics' 1 is a brilliant attempt to annihilate the 
doctrine of providence. The scene opens in heaven. Zeus is 
pacing up and down in agony, muttering to himself. To Hermes 
and Athena, who urge him in mock verse to impart his trouble and 
find comfort, he replies in a mysterious and portentous reminiscence 
of Euripides. Hera appears. She knows what ails him : he is in 
love again. Zeus resents the charge. It is a far different matter : 
the gods are in peril. Timocles, a Stoic, and Damis, an Epicurean, 
fell into a public dispute yesterday on the nature of providence, — 
Damis holding that we do not exist, or, anyway, exercise no control 
over human affairs. They are to finish the debate to-day. The 
world is breathless to know which will win. Our danger is extreme. 
What are we to do ? It is decided to call an assembly of the gods. 
Hermes makes proclamation in a parody of Homer. The gods 
throng in, and are ranged in the order of their material and work- 
manship, — the gods and their famous statues being humorously 
identified. The gold gods have the first rank, but there are many 
disputes as to precedence. When at last all are seated and order 
secured, Zeus is about to state the object of the meeting. But he 
has forgotten his speech, — a fine one it was too. What shall he 
do? — try a bit of Homer? Oh, that is worn out, Hermes tells 
him, Do as the orators do, — borrow from Demosthenes. Zeus 
does so, quoting the great orator so nearly that he all but calls the 
gods ' Gentlemen of Athens.' He gets the first word out, but 
bethinks himself in time to replace the second with 'gods.' The 
gods are informed of what is going forward. The party that 
believes with Damis is constantly increasing. If he wins the day 
we shall be left unhonored and idle, perishing of hunger here in 
heaven. Something must be done. Let each speak boldly. Momus, 
the fault-finder, arises. He is not surprised ; he has long foreseen 
how things would go. Good men have been neglected and allowed 
to suffer ; bad men left unpunished ; oracles proved false and 
lying. Our jealous lives and loves are chronicled in the sacred 
poems. What wonder Epicurus denied our providence ? The 

1 See Froude, ' Short Studies,' third series, article ' Lucian,' for a spirited translation 
of this dialogue. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXV11 

wonder is it did not come sooner. All we have cared for is a 
steady altar service. Poseidon advises Zeus to knock Damis down 
with his thunderbolt. No, that is impossible, Zeus rejoins ; every 
man's end is decreed by Fate. Apollo suggests that a junior coun- 
sel be provided to help Timocles, — who is really a very worthy 
man, has large classes and all that, but quite loses his head in a 
public debate. Momus scouts such an idea ; a better plan must be 
devised. But you are a prophet, Apollo ; you have made a fortune 
at the oracle business. Tell us how this dispute is going to turn 
out. Apollo at first declines ; he has not his tripod or other imple- 
ments with him. But, urged by Zeus, he gives in halting verse a 
most astonishing example of his skill. It out-Herods the famous 
oracle to Croesus, and Momus nearly chokes with laughter. He 
pronounces the prophet a humbug. Heracles says let the debate 
go on ; if Damis wins the day, he will pull down the hall about 
the fellow's ears. No, that will not do, Zeus says ; he might try 
such things when he was a man, but, now he is a god, he ought 
to know such things are predetermined by Fate. Meanwhile, 
before the gods have devised a plan for aiding their champion, 
the philosophers have met. The gates of heaven are opened ; 
the gods prepare to listen. Zeus fears Timocles is no match 
for Damis ; but anyway the gods can help him by their prayers ! 
The debate ensues, interspersed with side remarks by the gods 
as one or the other makes a point. The Stoic urges, as proofs 
of providence, the divine order of the universe, the testimony 
of scriptures, the prevalence of worship, the existence of oracles, 
the necessity of a pilot for the great ship of the world. But 
Damis triumphantly routs and scouts him from every defence. 
As a final argument the Stoic propounds this syllogism : If 
there are altars, there must be gods ; but there are altars, there- 
fore there must be gods. Damis answers with a loud laugh of 
derision ; whereupon, amid the vituperations of the Stoic and the 
applause of the concourse, the discussion closes. Zeus is in a 
quandary. 'What can we do?' he helplessly asks. Hermes 
brings comfort by saying : ' One isn't hurt if one doesn't acknowl- 
edge it, as the old play says. Suppose a handful of the Greeks 






XXV111 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

do believe Damis, the great masses and all the barbarians are still 
with us.' 

4. Against Society. — In all of Lucian's writings we catch 
glimpses of the society of the times ; but he has many pieces which 
present us with more elaborate pictures. The satiric motive is 
manifest in all. Sophists, philosophers, and gods come in for 
many a side thrust, as effective as those in the dialogues aimed 
directly at these classes. Among the dialogues that may be reck- 
oned here are the most interesting productions of Lucian's pen. 
' Timon,' ' Cock,' i Charon,' ' Dialogues of the Dead,' are his 
masterpieces. The Introductions prefixed to the Notes treat of 
these at length. The ' Nigrinus ' paints with impressive satire the 
depravity of life at Rome ; over against which, by way of contrast, 
the simplicity of Athenian life is placed. Another picture of the 
riotous life and corrupt manners of the Romans is presented in the 
paper on l Hired Companions,' in which the degrading condition of 
the literary dependent in the household of the wealthy but uncul- 
tured, Roman is graphically portrayed. When late in life Lucian 
accepted public office, he felt that his action demanded defence in 
view of what he had said against those who sought a wealthy 
patron ; so he published his ' Apologia,' in which he shows that 
he stood on a very different footing. He had not bartered away 
his freedom for a seat at a rich man's table. He was serving the 
emperor in a high and important public capacity. In one sense or 
another all men serve, and service is ennobling. 

In a charming piece of persiflage, entitled the 'Parasite,' a speci- 
men of that infamous class of diners-out is introduced to us, who 
impudently but very cleverly argues that Parasitism is an art, — 
* the art of eating and drinking at others' expense, and of making 
the proper acknowledgments.' The dialogue is a close imitation 
of the Platonic model, of which it is possibly a sort of travesty; 
for nothing is sacred to the satirist. The ' Philopseudes' satirizes 
the unconscionable credulity of the age, — the belief in miracles, 
in extraordinary cures, in superstitious observance of signs and 
omens, and in supernatural follies of all sorts. The relations of 
rich and poor are set before us in the ' Saturnalian Tracts.' * The 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXIX 

Ship, or the Wishes' humorously laughs at day-dreaming and 
castle-building, and idle wishing for impossible blessings. Another 
piece, ' Against an Uneducated Man,' holds up to merciless ridicule 
an ignoramus, who thought by buying many books to get a reputa- 
tion for learning and culture. 

* 
There are many compositions of Lucian, of various degrees of 

merit and interest, which can hardly be assigned to any of the pre- 
ceding classes. A few of these demand notice. 

5. The Romanxes. — There are two productions that maybe 
classed as romances. The ' True History,' and ' Lucius, or the 
Ass.' The latter, which seems to have been the basis for the 
1 Golden Ass' of Appuleius, furnished Le Sage with incidents for 
' Gil Bias.' It tells the story of a young man, Lucius, who visited 
at the house of a sorceress, and was curious to learn the secret of 
her power. He ingratiated himself with the maid-servant, and by 
her was furnished with magic ointment which should transform 
him into a bird. But the maid had taken the wrong box, and he 
was changed into an ass, though still retaining the intelligence and 
feelings of a man. He has most astonishing experiences in all 
sorts of places and with all kinds of people, and is at last restored 
to human shape by eating rose-leaves. 

The ' True History ' is a humorous and satiric caricature of the 
marvellous element in historians and poets. Certain authors, Tike 
Ctesias, have written incredible tales of travel in foreign lands, 
which they wish us to hold for true. But I am honest. There is 
nothing true in my ' True History' except the statement that it is 
all false. After this preface the tale begins. He set sail from 
Cadiz into the unknown ocean with a stout ship and fifty com- 
panions. Seven days out an island was reached, once visited by 
Heracles and Dionysus, as a pillar informed them, where the rivers 
ran with wine and the fish they caught made them tipsy. Soon 
after leaving this a whirlwind caught them up and carried them to 
the moon, where they were cordially received by King Endymion. 
Here they spent some time, taking part in a war against Phaethon, 
king of the sun. A description is given of the various troops and 



XXX GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

their arms, of the battle in mid-air, and also of the habits of life 
in the moon, in which each new particular is more astounding than 
the one before. At last they embarked once more, and, sailing 
through the Zodiac, came to a city between the Pleiades and 
Hyades, inhabited by voluble and active lamps, each of which had 
a lantern for a residence. Leaving this, they passed near the 
famous Cloudcuckootown of Aristophanes, and soon reached the 
ocean again. After a short time they were swallowed, ship and all, 
by an enormous whale. Several months were spent in the belly of 
the monster, where the space was so great that there were plains 
and wooded mountains. Other inhabitants were there, with whom 
they waged war. They finally made their escape by setting fire to 
the forests. After several days' burning, the whale died, and they 
got their vessel out and set sail. They had strange experiences in 
a frozen sea; after which they came into a sea of milk, where a 
white cheese-island, abounding in vines, productive, not of wine, 
but milk, was visited. Not far from there they found the sea 
inhabited by cork-footed men, who ran over the waves with perfect 
ease. By and by they came toward a wonderful island, — the 
Island of the Blessed, — whence there greeted them breezes more 
fragrant than blow from Araby the Blest, redolent as they were 
with the perfumes of all delicious flowers. They anchored and 
went ashore, and, bound in chains of roses, were taken before the 
court of Rhadamanthus, who allows them to abide there seven 
months. The wonders they saw, — the city of gold, with emerald 
ramparts, where there is no night nor day, but a soft twilight and 
perpetual springtime reign ; the vines bearing fruit twelve times a 
year; the rivers of milk and wine; the Elysian fields, where the 
heroes dined, propped on beds of flowers, and served by zephyrs 
which bring whatever they desire, and crowned with chaplets by 
nightingales; — all this and more one must read of in Lucian him- 
self. The ancient worthies are seen, but no Stoics, — they were 
still climbing up their hill of virtue; and no Academics, — they 
were not quite sure there was such an island ! Lucian converses 
with Homer, and finds out about his poems, and learns his opinion 
of Homeric critics. After various other experiences, the time for 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXXI 

departure comes- Just as they are embarking, Odysseus slips into 
JLucian's hand a note for Calypso. They come then to the island 
where the wicked are burned with never-ending fires. Liars receive 
direst punishment ; among them Herodotus and Ctesias were seen. 
They visit the Island of Dreams, and see most wonderful sights ; 
then touch at Calypso's Island, where Lucian delivers Odysseus's 
note, and answers Calypso's inquiries about Penelope as he thinks 
Calypso will best like. Several other astonishing experiences are 
had, and marvellous beings seen ; and the ' True History' comes 
to a sudden end, with promise of yet more. The air of truthfulness 
is throughout remarkable, and the interest never flags. 

6. Biographies. — In the ' Life of Demonax' Lucian gives us, 
with many interesting details, a loving picture of a philosopher 
after his own heart. He followed no particular sect or system, but 
drew from all sources whatever he preferred. His culture was 
wide and catholic ; his influence such that men parted from his 
company with new impulses and inspirations to a right life, and 
with better hopes for the future. In this, as in all his biographical 
writings, it is probable that Lucian credits the individual with 
characteristics of the class of which he is a type. 

The ' Life of Alexander' 1 makes us acquainted with the Cagliostro 
of the second century, — one of the most arrant charlatans that ever 
imposed upon a credulous age. He established an oracle at Abono- 
teichos, in Paphlagonia, which became famous throughout the 
empire. He had his agents in Rome itself, and he secured public 
recognition. Lucian set about investigating the humbug ; visited 
the impostor, learned the methods of his operations, tested over and 
over again his oracles, and did his best to discredit him. Alexander 
was so incensed at Lucian's intermeddling that he formed a plan, 
which nearly succeeded, of ridding the world of his persecutor. 

Of still greater interest to us, because of its reference to Chris- 
tianity, is the account of Peregrinus. 2 It is extremely probable 
that for satiric purposes a great deal of fiction is woven into this 

1 Dedicated to Celsus, — him, no doubt, icle, ' Lucian and Christianity,' a translation 
whose attack upon Christianity was answered of which will be found in the ' Bibliotheca 
by Origen. Sacra,' vol. 10, pp. 284, 448. But this must 

2 In this connection see A. Planck's art- be read with caution. 



XXX11 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

account, and that Lucian lays much to the charge of Peregrinus 
which he knew to the disgrace of other Cynics. He is represented 
as having been haunted through life by an overmastering passion 
for notoriety. Born in Armenia, his first act on reaching manhood 
was the murder of his father. He took refuge among the Chris- 
tians, attained importance among them, and suffered imprisonment 
for the faith. After his release he was excommunicated for some 
offence, and became a Cynic. He wandered through Egypt, attract- 
ing attention by his self-torture ; gained celebrity at Rome by his 
unbridled insolence in attacking the emperor ; was finally banished 
from the city, thereby gaining still greater notoriety ; and went to 
Elis, where his insolence of tongue and mad endeavor to rouse the 
people to revolt kept him long in the public mouth. As his noto- 
riety waned, he announced at one Olympic festival that at the next 
he would publicly burn himself. Lucian was present, and heard 
his final speech. He had thought his friends would prevent the 
immolation; but they held him to his promise, and he plunged into 
the flames. As Lucian returned from beholding this crowning 
folly, he met many who were coming too late. He told them about 
it, garnishing his narrative for the credulous with such fables as 
that the earth trembled, and a vulture flew aloft from the flames 
direct to heaven, saying in an articulate voice, — ' I have left the 
earth ; I ascend to Olympus.' Lucian afterwards heard these 
inventions of his own soberly narrated as actual occurrences by 
those who claimed to have been eye-witnesses. 



IV. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 

1. Lucian's Culture. — Through precisely what course of 
training Lucian passed, we have no means of determining. He 
was in school in his native town till a lad of sixteen or so. 1 In 
Ionia he received instruction in the arts of the sophist and rheto- 
rician. 2 The demands of this profession compelled the most 

1 Cf. Dream, i. 2 Cf. Bis Ace. 27. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXX111 

careful attention to language and style, and a wide familiarity with 
the more obvious and important facts of every department of learn- 
ing. But the culture was often very superficial. Lucian's writings 
afford evidence of the author's deficiency in mathematical training, 1 
but display a knowledge of the humanities, surprising alike for its 
fulness and variety. He is conversant with the principal prose 
writers and poets of classic Greek literature. Homer is constantly 
upon his tongue. His acquaintance with the history of nations 
and individuals is almost encyclopedic ; though he sometimes 
makes a slip, and often distorts events for rhetorical or satiric pur- 
poses. 2 Quite as remarkable is his full and accurate knowledge of 
mythology and proverbial wisdom. His understanding and sound 
appreciation of art is a continual source of wonder. He delights 
in describing the works of the great artists, and in drawing illus- 
trations therefrom. 3 He evinces broad rather than profound knowl- 
edge of the doctrines of the different philosophical sects, which he 
approaches almost always from the standpoint of the satirist. He 
seems to have known something of the Latin language, 4 and pos- 
sibly of its literature. 5 His estimation of the social and moral 
forces of the age mark him as a trained and skilful observer of 
life and manners. 

2. Lucian's Style, etc. — It is wonderful what mastery the 
Syrian provincial gained over the niceties of Attic expression and 
style. 6 Close and long-continued study of the best classic models, 
combined with his great natural genius, good sense, and quickness 
in gaining new impressions and assimilating new ideas, brought 
this about. His style is remarkable for its transparent clearness, 
its perfect lucidity, its limpid flow, its rhythmic grace, its simplicity 
and naturalness, and the ready ease with which it adapts itself to 

1 Cf. Hermot. 74; Hip. 3. tation of Hugo Bliimner, 'DeLocis Luciani 

* That he was lacking in real historic con- ad Artem Spectantibus,' Berlin, 1S66. 

sciousness and in profound grasp of history, * Cf. Pro Lapsu, 13. 

Passow shows in his pamphlet, ' Lucian und s Notice, e. g., in Tim. 22, comparison of 

die Geschichte,' Meiningen, 1854. rich man, beset by legacy-hunters, to thunny 

3 See notably description of a picture by fish, is the same as in Hor. Sat. 2, 5. 

Aetion in ' Herodotus or Aetion, ' — which 6 How much Lucian piqued himself ou 

is taid to have given Raphael hints for one of his graceful style may be seen by reading 

his frescos, — and of a picture by Zeuxis in his ' Zeuxis or Antiochus ' and the ' Prome- 

' Zeuxis or Antiochus' ; and compare disser- theus es in Verbis.' 

C 



XXXIV GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

the most varied emotions and the most diversified themes. It is 
vivified with the enthusiasm of strong convictions and earnest pur- 
pose ; it sparkles with bright emanations of fancy; it kindles with 
glowing imaginativeness ; it is suffused with healthful humor and 
playful wit ; while satire, sarcasm, mockery, and scorn are its 
peculiar elements, its vital air. 

But with all his zeal for perfect Attic usage, Lucian never quite 
succeeded in ridding himself of solecism, and freeing himself from 
the tendencies of the language of his own day. He cannot manage 
the particle with the subtile force and fine precision of the earlier 
time. He often gives us sentences overloaded with those marvel- 
lous creations of the Greek genius. His use of the idiomatic <ai, 
as also of the indefinite tls as an adjective modifier, is so frequent 
as to become a mannerism. He often uses cos for coa-re, and fre- 
quently has [xt] where ovk would alone be possible in the better 
period. Nor is he quite clear as to the proper functions of the 
optative. In purpose and conditional clauses he often employs it 
where the subjunctive were more correctly used. Lucian further- 
more often sins against good taste by his frequent reiteration of 
the same idea or illustration, and by his fondness for certain 
Homeric phrases and oft-used images. 

Lucian enriched the world with a new literary form in the satiric 
dialogue. 1 The philosophical dialogue was the starting-point ; but 
into the severe and dignified form of Plato he breathed the laugh- 
ing, satiric spirit of Aristophanes. In his hands this became a 
potent instrument for hastening the downfall of Olympus and 
shattering the decaying columns of the ancient but degenerated 
Schools. There have been many modern imitators- of his work, 
especially of his ' Dialogues of the Dead.' Moreover, by his 
'True History' he became the father of all that abundant class of 
books of which ' Gulliver's Travels ' and ' Munchausen' are familiar 
modern examples. 

3. Lucian's Philosophy. — Enough has already been said to 
show Lucian's attitude toward the philosophy of his day. What 
were his own ideas of the great questions which philosophy attempts 

1 Cf. Prom, es in Verb. 7 ; Bis Ace. 33 f.; Piscat. 26. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXXV 

to answer? 1 He was a good deal of an agnostic, I suspect. 
Actual, practical life absorbed his time and attention to the exclu- 
sion of speculative problems. He was by nature and preference 
an iconoclast. Great names and ancient systems, with their vaunted 
assumption of authority, provoked in him, not reverence, but a 
smile of incredulity. His work for the world was not to build up, 
but to tear down. It was his high privilege to show the hollow 
and unsatisfactory nature of the philosophical teachings of his day. 
Beyond this he hardly went or cared to go. When he had pulled 
down the idols that his age adored, he had no others to set up in 
their places. He did not believe in idols. In the * Life of Demo- 
nax' he would seem to have delineated his ideal of a sage, — no 
dogmatic adherent of a particular school of thought, but broad and 
catholic in his associations and sympathies, sincere and sensible in 
his daily life. In the * Hermotimus' 2 he figures Truth under the 
image of a city where all are blissful, — fair as the city toward 
which Bunyan's Christian made his triumphant pilgrimage, — 
whither it would be worth a lifetime of effort to attain. The 
different sects claim each to know the one way that leadeth there- 
unto. But what ordinary man has the means of deciding which 
one is in the right, or whether, indeed, any one may be ? Ah, and 
life is too short to devote the necessary years to weighing the 
claims of each ; especially when we contemplate the immoral lives 
of those who assert that they have gained the calm, clear heights 
of truth. It is not worth while, therefore, to worry ourselves in a 
weary attempt to attain the extremely improbable, but strive to 
make our immediate lives happy and sweet, strong and helpful. 
He praised the good life wherever he found it. His bitterest spite 
against the Schools is because of the incontinent, inconsistent lives 
of the adherents, which their teachings had no power to control. 
In one place he has a good word for Epictetus, 3 in another for 
Epicurus, 4 in another for a Cynic; 5 yet the systems these repre- 
sented were unspared. That his own life was moral and earnest we 

1 See in this connection the dissertation 3 Adv. Indoct. 13. 
of Wilhelm Chlebs, ' De Luciano Philo- 4 Alex. 47. 

sopho,' Berlin, 1838. 8 Cf. the 'Cynic'; also Catapl. 24. 

2 Hermot. 22 ff. 



XXXVI GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

may well believe. True, there are some passages in his writings 
which offend against our moral taste. But ancient morality, at its 
best, was not Christian morality ; and we must allow somewhat 
for the temper of the times and the temptations the humorous 
writer is ever under to provoke a laugh by rather broad and ques- 
tionable utterances. He mentions, as an amusing calumny, Alex- 
ander's charge of immorality against himself; l and the whole tenor 
of his writings makes him a lover of truth and a hater of evil. 2 
His philosophy of life, if I mistake not, is summed up in the 
striking sentence from ' Hermotimus,' found upon our title-page : 
' Virtue consists in activity ; that is, in doing right, and sensible, 
and manly acts.' The wise man will not hold himself aloof from 
those about him, but will enter into their life, and seek fellowship 
with them. 3 

4. Lucian and Religion. — Lucian disbelieved entirely in the 
supernatural. Religion was a mass of idle tales and absurd tradi- 
tions, from which the sensible man should cut quite loose. Into 
the battle against the popular faith, with its gods innumerable, its 
meaningless rites, its senseless oracles, he entered with heart and 
soul. He mocked and railed at superstition and all credulous 
beliefs and observances. But here again he offered no substitute 
for the faith he contemned. Faint and feeble are the traces in his 
works — if, indeed, they can be found at all — of any conception of 
the eternal God, unknown, incomprehensible. He was too much 
absorbed in the life that is, for any illumination from the life to 
come to lighten his inner consciousness. But his scepticism had 
nothing systematic or dogmatic about it. It was that of the busy, 
practical man of the world, who, in his eagerness to clear the 
tangled places and make straight the crooked pathways of this life, 
finds neither time nor inclination to puzzle his brain and perplex 
his heart with any verities except those which are apparent to the 
sense or apprehended by experience. But life will be better if 
freed from the tyranny of religion. Lucian's satire, therefore, is 
something more than irreverent mockery and sneering laughter at 

1 Alex. 54. \j/ev8rjs ical (jlictotv <)>os kcu. /niaw trav rb 

2 In the 'Angler,' 20, Lucian says of him- TotovTwfie? elSo? tu>v jxiapcov avBpu>n<»v. 
self: fn<ra\d^oiv etju.1 «al juu<royoTjs «al /u.t<ro- 3 Cf. Hermot. 84; Lapith. 34. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxxvil 

the follies and foibles of the gods. It is informed by a profound 
moral purpose to free men from ignorance and self-deception, and 
to rescue them from the fears of superstition and the infamous arts 
of the charlatan. 

The most striking parallel to Lucian in modern times is Voltaire. 
Their methods were the same ; their attitude toward the times in 
which they lived, the same. But the Greek satirist gains by com- 
parison with the witty Frenchman. He does not misrepresent nor 
caricature the doctrines he attacks. Without passion or prejudice, 
he sets the idols of the decrepit faith before us just as they are. 
And that is enough. 

In his zeal for the destruction of paganism and superstition, he 
was really a most potent ally of Christianity. But the early Church 
did not recognize him as such, and he himself would have scoffed 
at the idea. He was incapable of estimating the new force which 
had come into the world and was silently exerting among the 
lower classes its divine power of regeneration. To him Christianity 
was only one of the innumerable Eastern faiths, — an offshoot of 
the despised system of the Jews, — the infatuated adherents of 
which were worthy only of contemptuous pity. 

The Christian scholiasts and some later commentators have 
found frequent allusions to the Christian scriptures in Lucian's 
writings, and have heaped upon him unsparing abuse. The ' True 
History' was supposed to offer abundant examples. The battle in 
mid-air between the forces of the moon and the sun was a travesty 
of the conflict of St. Michael and the dragon ; the monstrous whale 
which swallowed the adventurers was in mockery of the story of 
Jonah ; the city of gold, where there is neither night nor day, and 
where the vines bear fruit twelve times a year, was an impious allu- 
sion to the new Jerusalem, — the 'city of pure gold,' 'which hath 
no need of the sun, neither of the moon,' and through which flows 
the river of life, on whose banks stands ' the tree of life, yielding 
its fruit every month.' It is not impossible that the ' True His- 
tory ' may contain some faint reminiscence of the Bible ; but it is 
far more probable, as Hermann Kiihn has clearly shown, 1 that all 

1 Program, Grimma, 1844. 



XXXV111 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

these supposed allusions are either the chance similarities incident 
to all highly figurative descriptions of like subjects, or references 
to matters found in profane literature. It is in the account of 
Peregrinus alone 1 that Lucian manifests any knowledge of the 
Christian religion. The passage 2 in which he speaks of the 
Christians is very famous, and has been the subject of much con- 
troversy ; but it contains nothing which indicates in Lucian a 
feeling of special animosity and enmity against our faith. It reads 
as follows : — 

' About this time 3 he became a master of the marvellous wisdom 
of the Christians, through association about Palestine with their 
priests and scribes. And — would you believe it? — in a short time 
these were mere boys beside him who rose to be their prophet, 
master of rites, head of the synagogue and everything. Of their 
books he explained and expounded some, and composed many 
himself ; and they began to regard him as a god, and had him as 
their lawgiver, and made him their bishop. Anyway, they still 
worship that great man, — the one who was crucified in Palestine 
for introducing this new mystery. Well, Peregrinus was arrested 
for his zeal and cast into prison, • — a circumstance which redounded 
no little to his renown for the future, and to the love of mystery 
and thirst for notoriety which were his ruling passions. For while 
he remained in bonds, the Christians, considering this a general 
calamity, left no means untried in their endeavor to set him free. 
When their efforts proved unavailing, ministries of every other 
sort were continued with unremitting zeal. From the earliest 
dawn one could see aged widows and orphan children waiting 
beside the prison-door ; nay, men of authority among them bribed 

1 The tractate, ' Philopatris,' included rary, have found an allusion to Christ. In 

among Lucian's writings, belongs, without 'Alexander,' 25, the false prophet speaks of 

doubt, to a much later period. On the evi- Epicureans, atheists, and Christians in the 

dence of this, however, Lucian was by some same breath ; the reason for classing them 

thought to be an apostate Christian. In the together being that they were all alike in- 

' Philopseudes,' 16, where a Syrian of Pale- credulous of heathen oracles, 

stine, famous for his power in curing demo- 2 De Morte Peregr. 11 ff. 

niacs and lunatics, is mentioned, many, 3 Namely, shortly after the murder of his 

contrary to the plain meaning of the passage, father, when Peregrinus was wandering from 

which speaks of the Syrian as a contempo- land to land. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXXIX 

the jailer, and spent the night with him. Moreover, elaborate 
meals were brought in, their sacred books were read, and the most 
excellent Peregrinus — for so he still was called — was styled by 
them a second Socrates. Besides all this, there came from the 
cities of Asia persons delegated by the Christians at their common 
cost to assist the man, to defend him on trial, and to give him 
comfort. They display inconceivable alacrity whenever their public 
interest is in question ; in short, they grudge nothing. So Pere- 
grinus received considerable money from them on the pretext of 
his imprisonment, which indeed proved very profitable to him. 
For these poor wretches have made themselves believe that they 
are altogether immortal, and are going to live for evermore ; so 
they hold death in contempt, and most are quite ready to yield 
themselves thereunto. Moreover, their first lawgiver made them 
believe that they are all brothers one of another when they have 
once abandoned and quite abjured the gods of the Greeks, and 
given their worship to that crucified sophist of theirs, and con- 
formed their lives to his laws. So they hold all things in equal 
contempt, and esteem them as common property, having adopted 
such notions with no clear ground of faith. If, therefore, an 
impostor appears among them, a man of skill and craft, and able to 
manage affairs, he gets rich in no time at all by playing upon these 
simple folk.' 

The governor of Syria at that time was devoted to philosophy, 
Lucian says ; and perceiving that Peregrinus was rather anxious 
than otherwise for martyr fame, he disappointed him by setting 
him at liberty. Peregrinus went back home, where the feeling 
against him because of his crime was still strong. He escaped the 
fury of the people by yielding up to them what remained of his 
large patrimony, and again set forth upon his wanderings, depend- 
ing upon the Christians everywhere for supplies. But he was soon 
found guilty of some transgression, — of eating some forbidden 
food, Lucian thinks, — and was excommunicated. 

This is all. The narrative is entirely free from any appearance 
of spite or hate or mockery. Lucian speaks of the ' marvellous 
wisdom of the Christians'; but no trace of sarcasm lurks in the 



xl GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

expression, so far as we can judge, though the scholiast took it in 
that way, and uttered a very unchristian malediction. His refer- 
ence to Christ as the 'crucified sophist' contains no opprobrium 
whatever. ' Sophist,' in Lucian's day, was a perfectly good word, 
as much so as 'teacher' or 'lecturer' at the present time. There 
is abundant proof that Lucian's knowledge of the Christians was 
extremely superficial ; else, for example, he would never have 
spoken of 'priests' and 'scribes,' nor mentioned the synagogue, 
nor supposed that Christians could have held Peregrinus for a 
god, or named him Socrates. But he knows about the zeal of the 
Christians when a brother is in difficulty ; of their brotherly love, 
their splendid liberality and self-sacrifice ; of their contempt for 
the world in the belief of an immortality ; of their bravery in the 
face of death ; of their perfect abjuration of heathen divinities ; of 
their worship of Christ, with conformity of their lives to his laws. 
He thinks, however, that they have no sure ground for their faith; 
and pronounces them ' poor wretches ' (KaKodaifxoves) for their lack 
of worldly wisdom, and the ease with which they allow themselves 
to fall a prey to any clever impostor who appears. One needs 
only to compare Lucian's utterances with those of Tacitus, Sueto- 
nius, and Pliny, to appreciate the difference in Lucian's attitude. 
He simply did not understand the new light that was shining into 
men's lives ; but so far as he did know it, he finds in it nothing to 
rail at or to mock. He thought of its devotees as simple, credu- 
lous, deluded people, — nothing more, nothing less. He was not 
of a temper that could have been brought to recognize its beauty 
or admit its claims ; though all the time he was doing it manful 
service by hurrying to complete overthrow the falling superstition 
of Olympus. 

5. Lucian's Value for Us. <— More than any other writer, 
Lucian enables us to know how men lived and acted, what their 
thoughts and feelings were, in that period during which the new 
principle of Christianity was beginning to make itself a recognized 
force in an exhausted civilization and an enervated race. The 
helplessness of Zeus and his court, — strengthened though it was by 
strange importations from Egypt and the East, — the hopelessness 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xli 

of philosophy, are reflected as nowhere else in his pages. The 
pageant of second century life passes in long procession before our 
eyes. The rich and the poor jostle each other, and peer with half- 
angry glances into one another's faces ; prince and slave look 
across an infinite chasm into each others eyes ; lord and lady 
parade before us with their vices and their follies on their sleeves ; 
charlatan and enthusiast, priest and juggler, pander and parasite, 
sorceress and strange woman, idle rhetorician and captious 
philosopher, savant and cynic, fortune-hunter and fawning poli- 
tician, crowd and elbow their way along before us, and bring to us 
with startling vividness the follies, the passions, the enthusiasms, 
the competitions, and all the bustle and rustle and hurly-burly of 
the tragedy, the comedy, the ballet of life, which thronged the 
great world-theatre some seventeen centuries ago. 



Authorities. — For fuller details with reference to the age, 
and Lucian's activity, the student is referred to the following 
treatises : — ' The Age of the Antonines,' by W. W. Capes 
(' Epochs of Anc. Hist.' series) ; closing chapters of Merivale's 
'Romans under the Empire'; opening chapters of Gibbon's 
' Decline and Fall'; Lecky, ■ History of European Morals,' ch. ii. ; 
Farrar, 'Seekers after God,' ch. iv. ; Renan, ' Marc-Aurele ' ; 
1 Lucian,' by W. L. Collins (' Anc. Classics for English Readers ' 
series) ; Froude's ' Short Studies,' third series ; Martha, ■ Les 
Moralistes sous PEmpire Romain,' last ch.; Jacob, ' Characteristik 
Lucians'; 'Democratic Review,' ji, 223; 'Quart. Rev.' 37, 32; 
■ Eclectic Mag.' 134, 796 ; ' Bibliotheca Sacra,' 10, 284, 448 j 
Classical Dictionaries, etc. 



IIEPI TOY ENYIINIOY HTOI BIOS 
AOYKIANOY. 



1 "Apn fiev eireirav\xr\v et? ra ScSaa-KaXela (pocrwv 
rjhrf rrjv rjKiKLav 7rp6cr7)/3os a>v, o Be nrarr\p eV/co- 
7T6LTO jxera rcov (frlXoov, o tl teal ScSd^airo fie. to?? 
7r\eL<TT0L<; ovv eho^e iraiheia fiev kclI ttovov iroX- 
Xov kcjX yjpovov fxa/cpov /cal hairdvrjs ov fit/cpas /cat 5 
TVXV? BelaOai Xapurpd^y ra 6° rj/juerepa pmcpd re 
elvai teal rayeldv riva rrjv eiriKovplav dirabrelv 
el he Ttva re^vrjv rwv (3avavo~cov rovrcov i/c/jidOoifiL, 
to fiev irpwrov ev6v<z av avrbs e%eiv ra dpKOvvra 
irapa tj)? re^vrj^ /cal pL7]Ker olkoctitos elvat rrjXt- ic 
kovtos wv, ov/c et? fiarcpdv he /cal rov rrarepa ev- 

2 (f>paveiv a7ro(f)epcov del to <yiv6/j,evov. Sevrepas ovv 
ence-tyeeds a PXV Trpovredrj, t/? dptcrrrj rcov re-yywv 
kcli pacrrrj eKfiaOeZv real dvSpl eXevOepco rrperrovaa 
teal irpoyeipov eyovcra ri^v 'xppriyiav KaL ^tapfcrj rov 15 
iropov. aXXov roivvv aXXrjv eiraivovvro^, ft>? erca- 
ctos <yva)fjLT]<; tj epLTreipias el%ev, 6 Trarrjp eh tov 
Oelov airihcov, — rraprjv yap 6 7rpo? fjbrjrpb? deios, 
api<TTo<f epfioyXvcpos elvat Bokcov, XcOotjoos ev to?? 



2 AOTKIANOT [2 

/jbakio-ra evBoKL/juots — " ov #e/u?," elirev, " aXXrjv 
T€%vr]v eiriKpaTelv <rov irapovTos, dXXa tovtov aye" 
— Belt; a? ifie — " teal BcBdaKov irapaXa^oov Xldcov 
ipydrrjv dyaBov elvai /ecu avvapjJLoarr]v /cal epfioyXv- 
5 (/>ea • Bvvarai yap ko\ tovto <j>vcreco<; ye, co? olaOa, 
e^wv Se^co?*" ire/c/jLaipero Be rat? i/c rod /crjpov 
iraiBiah • oirore yap d<peOelr)v vtto toov BiBaa/cd- 
Xcov, airo^ewv dv tov /crjpbv rj ft6a<s r) Xttttovs r) /cal 
vr) AC dv6p(07rovs dveifkarTOv, cI/cotcds, go? IBokovv 

10 ra> irarpi' l<f oh irapd fiev toov BtBaa/cdXcov irXrj- 
ya? iXdfJbftavov, rore Be erraivos eh rrjv evfyv'iav 
/cal ravra r)v, /cal ^^crra? &X 0V ^ ^A 4,0 ^ T ^ 
6X7rtSa?, co? ev ftpayei pLa6r)ao^at ttjv Te^vrjv, air 
e/celvrjs ye rfjs ifkaarLKrj^. 

15 " Afia re ovv e7riTr)BeL0<$ eBo/cei r)fxepa Teyyr}*; evdp- 3 
yecrOai, /cdya> 7rapeBeB6/jLrjv tco Beico /jlcl tov A'C ov 
o~(p68pa tc3 7rpdy/JLan d^Oofievo^, dXXa \xoi teal irai- 
Bidv riva ov/c drepirrj eBo/cec c^ew fcal 7rpo? rov? 
rjXtfacoTas ewLBei^LV, el ^atvolfjbrjv deovs re yXv<f)Q)V 

20 teal dyaXfidrcd rtva /xi/cpa fcarao-fcevd^cov efiavrS re 
KaKelvois oh 7rpor)povfjL7]v. real to ye irpcorov e/celvo 
to avvrjOes tols dpyop,evoi<$ eyiveTo • eyteoirea yap 
Tivd fjbot Sou? 6eto<$ e/ceXevaev f)pefjba /caOt/ceadai 
7r\a/co9 ev fjuea(p /ceLfievr/s, eireiircbv to koivov " dp^V 

25 Be tol rjfuo-v iravTOs" o~/cXrjpOTepov Be icaTevey/cov- 
tos vtt aireipla^ /caTedyrj fiev r) irXd^, Be dya- 
va/CTrjo-as crKVTaXrjv Tivd irXrjaiov Ketfievqv Xaficbv 
ov 7r/)aa>? ovBe irpoTpeirTLKW? jjlov /caTr)p%aTO, (oare 
Bdicpvd fioL Ta iTpooifiia t?5? Te^y 7 !?* diroBpas 4 

30 ovv eiceiOev eirl ttjv ol/ciav d^LKvovfiai crvvexes 



-6] ENTIINION. 3 

dvaXv^cov fcal BaKpvcov tovs ocpOaXpiovs viroTrXew^, 
Kal BirjyovpLac r?)v crKvrdXrjv, Kal tovs pbcoXcoira^ 
eBeiKWov • Kal Karrjyopovv 7roXXijv rcva copiorrira, 
irpocrOel^ on iiiro (pdovov ravra eBpacre, pur) avrbv 
virepftdXcofiai Kara ttjv reyyrfv. dyavaKrrjaapLevrj^ 5 
Be rr)? /JLTjrpbs /cat woXXd rco dBeXcj>a> XocBoprjaa- 
fjbivr)?, eirel vv% eirrfkOe, KareBapOov en evBaKpvs 
Kal tt]v crKvrdXrjv del evvocov. 

5 Meypt puev Br/ rovrcov yeXdcnpua Kal pLeipaKLtoBrj 
rd elprjfjLeva' to puerd ravra Be ovKert evKaracppo- 10 
vrjra, co avBpes, aKovcreaOe, dXXa Kal irdvv (ptXr)- 
kocov aKpoarcov Beo/ieva' iva yap Kad' "Opbrjpov 

etTTCO 

6e\6s /xot tvxmviov rj\0eu oveipos 
d/j.^po(xiT]v 81a vvKTa 15 

ivapyrys o#tco?, coare /irjBev diroXeiirecrOai rrjs dXrj- 
Oeias' en yovv Kal pier a roaovrov ypovov rd re 
(jyjqjiard fioi rcov cpavevrcov ev rols ofyOaXpiols 
irapap,evei Kal rj cpcovrj rcov aKovaOevrcov evavXos' 

6 ovrco aacpi) irdvra rjv. Bvo yvvaiKes XaftopLevat 20 
ralv yepolv etkKOv pue Trpbs eavrrjv eKarepa fidXa 
f3talco<; zeal Kaprepcos • puKpov yovv pue Bieo-irdaavro 
irpbs dXXrjXas (piXonpLOvpLevao' Kal yap dpri puev 
dv rj erepa eireKpdret Kal irapa paKpbv bXov elye 
p,e, dpri B' dv avOts virb rrjs erepas elyopur]v. 25 
eftbcov Be irpbs dXXijXas eKarepa, rj puev &)? avrrjs 
ovra pue KeKrr\aOai fBovXouro, rj Be co? pudrijv rcov 
dXXorpccov avrtiroiolro. r)v Be r\ /lev epyarcKT) 
Kal dvBpcKr] Kal avypuTjpa rr\v KOpbrjv, rco X 6 ^P e 
rvXcov dvdirXeco^, Bie£cocrp,evr) rrjv eaOrjra, nrdvov 3° 



4 AOTKIANOT [6 

Karayefjiova-a, olo$ rjv 6 Oelos, oirore %eot, rovs 
\l6ov<;' r) erepa Be fidXa evirpoo-coiros Kal to o"xf}/j,a 
evTrpeTrr)? Kal koct}xlo^ rrjv dva/3o\rjv. reXo? 8' ovv 
i(f>iao~i /not BiKa^etv, OTrorepa f3ov\oL/j,r)v avvetvat 

5 avTcov. rrpoTepa Be r) crKXr/pd eKeivrj Kal dvBpcoBr/s 
eXe^ev " iyco, cpiXe 7ra2, 'Ep/ioyXvcjitKr) Te^vrj el/xi, 7 
rjv %#e? rjp% co /xavOdvetv, oitcela re crot Kal crvyyevr/s 
fiT}rp66ev • 6 re yap irdiriro^ gov " — elirovaa 
rovvofia tov p,r)Tpoirdropo^ — " XtOotjoo? rjv Kal tco 

io Oelco djjbfyoTepto Kal fjudXa evBoKL/neiTOv Bt r)juLa$. el 
B' eOekeis Xr)pcov fiev Kal (f>Xr}vdcf)cov tcov irapd rav- 
T779 dirkyeGQair — Bei^acra tt/v erepav — " eirecrQat 
Be Kal crvvoiKelv e/xoi, irpcoTa /lev 6peyjrrj yevvtKcos 
Kal tovs co/jlov$ e£et? Kaprepovs, cj)66vov Be TravTos 

15 dXXoTptos eery Kal ovirore airet eirl rrjv dXXoBa- 
nrr/v, ttjv irarpiBa Kal tovs OLKelovs KaraXtircov, 
ovB' eirl Xoyois eiraivecrovTai ere irdvres. fir/ /jlv- 8 
aa^Ofj^ Be rod cr^ijfiaro^ to evTeXes /nr/Be Tr)$ 
iadr)ro<; to irtvapov diro yap tolovtcov 6p/ico/ievo$ 

20 Kal <£etcHa? eKelvos eBet^e tov Ala Kal UoXvKXetTos 
tt/v "Upav elpydaaTO Kal Mvpcov eTrr/veOr/ Kal 
Hpa%LTe\r)<$ idav/judcrOr)' irpocrKWOvvTat yovv ovTot 
fieTa tcvv Oecov. el Brj tovtcov eh yevoto, irco? /iev 
ov KXetvbs avTO? irapa iraatv dvOpcoirots Sofet?, 

25 tr/XcoTov Be Kal tov iraTepa a7roBeit;€C<;, TrepiftXeTTTOV 
Be diroc\>avel<$ Kal ttjv TraTplBa." 

TavTa Kal On tovtcov TrXelova, BiaiTTaiovcra Kal 
f3ap/3apl£ovo~a to, iroXXd, elirev r) Te'^vrj, /idXa Br) 
cnrovBfj avvelpovaa Kal ireiOeiv fie iretpco/ievrj • a\V 

30 ovKeTi fiefjuvrjiiai' tcl irXelaTa yap r/Br/ /iov ttjv 



-io.] ENTIINION. 5 

fjLvr)fJL7)v Scecfrvyev. eVel <jf ovv eiravaaro, apteral 
9 r) erepa a)Bi ttw " eyco Be, co re/cvov, TlaiBela elpul 
rjhrj <rvvr)6r)<; croc teal yvoiptpur], el /cal pur/BeTrco et? 
reXos fiov ireireipaaai. rfkUa fxev ovv rd dyaOd 
iropifj Xido%6o<; yevopuevos, clvtt) irpoelpr/icev ovBev s 
yap ore pur) epydrrjs ear/ tw adipLari irovcov kclv 
tovtg) rr/v diraaav eXirlBa tov (3lov reOetpuevo^, 
a<$>avr]s puev avrbs a>v, oXtya /cal dyevvr) Xapbftdvcov, 
TCLTreivos rr/v yvcopbr/v, evreXr/s Be rr/v irpooBov, ovre 
<$>lXol$ einBi/cdaipio^ ovre e^Opofc (froftepbs ovre rot? io 
ttoXltclis £t]Xcdt6<;, dXX' avrb p,6vov epydrr/s /cal 
TOiV etc rov 7roXXov Sr/puov, eh del rov nrpov^ovra 
viroirrr/aawv ical rov Xeyetv Bwdpuevov Oepairevcov, 
Xayo) (Biov ^a>v real tov Kpelrrovos epfxauov cov. 
el Be teal <f>eiSias r) IIoXv/cXecTo<; yevoio ical iroXXa 15 
OavpaaTa e^epydaato, rrju puev Teyvr/v airavres 
eiraiveaovrai, ov/c eart he ocrTt? twv IBovtcov, el 
vovv e%6t, ev^acr dp bpboios aoi yeveaOat' olo$ yap 
di> 77?, fidvavaos ical yeipu>va% ical diro^eipoBiOiTO^ 
10 vopuaOr/ar/. r)v B 1 e/iol nreiQr/, irpQiTov puev aoi 20 
7roXXd eirihel^w iraXaioiv dvBpcov epya, ical irpd^eis 
Oavjiaard^ ical Xoyovs avrayv dirayyeXXovaa ical 
irdvrwv &>? elirelv epareipov dirofyaivovaa, real rr)v 
yfrv^riv croc, oirep Kvpidyrarov eart, /caTaicoapLrjaco 
7roA-\ot? ical dyaOoU Koapbr/paai, aaxfipoavvy, 25 
Sacatoavvr/, evaefSeiq, irpaoTr/Ti, eirieLtceiq, avveaei, 
Kapreptq, too tcov kclXoov epcoTi, rfj Trpbs rd 
aepLvbrara 6pp,f/' ravra yap eaTtv 6 rfjs ^f%% 
d/crfparos w? dXr/Ows icoapLos. Xijcret Be ere ovre 
iraXaibv ovSev ovre vvv yeveadai Seov, dXXd ical 30 



6 AOTKIANOT [10 

to, fjueXXovra nrpoo^rei fxer efxov' teal oXeo<; aTravra, 
oirbera earl, rd re Oela rd t dvOpeoiTLva, ovk eU 
fia/cpdv ere BiBd^o/mai. teal 6 vvv irevr]^ 6 rod 11 
Belvos, 6 /3ov\evcrd/jL€vos irepl dyevvovs ourca re^vrj^, 
5 fier bXiyov diraeri ^r/Xcorbs Kal iiri<$>6ovo$ eery, 
TifMOdfievos teal eiraivovfjuevos /cat enrl rocs dplerrots 
evBo/cifjicov real virb twv yevet ical irXovreo irpov- 
^ovreov aTroftXeiroiievos, eaOrjra /uuev TOLavrrjv dfiire- 
'XPfjievos," — Bei^aera ttjv eavrrj^' irdvv Be XafiTrpdv 

io iepopei — " dp'xfjs Be teal irpoeBplas d^Lovfievos* 
kclv ttol d7rocj7)fjifj<;, ovB' errl t% dXXoBa7rf}s dyvebs 
teal d(f>avr)<; ear}' roiavrd erot ireptOrjcrcd rd yvcopt- 
(TjJLara, cocrre twv opcovrcov e/cacrTos rbv irXr)erlov 
Kivtfcras Bel^ec ere rS BaKrvXep ' ovtos e/eeivo? ' 

15 Xe'ycov. av he ri erirovBrj^ a%iov r) rot>? efrlXovs r) 12 
zeal ttjv ttoXlv oXrjv KaTaXap,{3dvr), els ere irdvres 
aTTOpXe^rovraf kolv itov re Xeyeov Tv-^rjs, Ke^rjvores 
ol iroXXol dfeovcrovTca, davfxd^ovres ere rrjs Bvvd- 
/X60)? rcov Xoywv teal top irarepa rrjs ev7raiBia$ 

20 evSai/jLovi^ovTes • o Be XeyovcriVj &)? dpa Kal 
dOdvaroi rives yivovrai ef dvOpeoircDv, rovro eroi 
irepiiroirjercd' ical yap r)v avrbs etc rod fiiov aTreXOr/s, 
ovirore iravcrr) ervveov tols TreiratBevixevois ical 
7rpoao/jicX(op rols dplerroi^. bpas rbv Arjfiocrdevrjv 

2s ifceivov, rtvos vlbv ovra eyeb t)Xlkov eiroLrjcra. op as 
rbv Alo-^lvrjv, o? rv/Jbirav carp las vlbs f)v, ottcds 
avrbv Bl e/jL€ <friXnnros eOepdireverev. o Be Seo/cpd- 
rrjs Kal avrbs virb rfj ep/AoyXve^Lfcf) re-^vr) rpaepels 
eVetS?) TayiGTa ervvrjice rod Kpelrrovos Kal Bpawe- 

30 Teveras irap avrfjs rjvTOfjLoXrjerev co? e/jbi, d/covei? 



-i5] ENTI1N10N. 7 

13 &)? irapd irdvrwv aSercu. a<£et? Be crv tov$ ttjXl- 
kovtovs zeal toiovtovs avBpas Kal irpd^et^ Xapurpd^ 
Kal Xoyov? crefjLvovs Kal ayj]\xa evirpeire^ Kal tl/jLtjv 
Kal B6%av Kal eiraivov Kal irpoeBpias Kal Bvvdfieis 
Kal dp-^ds Kal to eirl Xoyocs evBoKLfxelv Kal to s 
iirl avvecret euBacfiovl^eaOac ^ltojvlov tl irtvapov 
evBvar] Kal cryr)\xa BovXoirpeire^ dvaXrjyfrr] Kal 
fjio^Xia Kal yXvcfteta Kal Koireas Kal KoXaTTTr)pa<; 
ev Talv ^epoiv efet? kutco vevevKcos els to epyov, 
Xa/JLaL7reTr]s Kal ^afMal^rjXo^ Kal irdvTa Tpoirov io 
Taireivos, dvaKvTTTcov Be ovBeiroTe ovBe dvBpcoBes 
ovBe eXevOepov ovSev eircvoaiv, dXXa tcl fiev epya 
07ra)? evpvOfxa Kal evo"%y)fiova eaTai croi irpovowv, 
07T&)? Be avTos evpvOfios Kal k6ct{ilo<; ear} rjKto-Ta 

7T€(j)pOVTtKO)^, dXX' aTLjAOTepOV TTOLOdV GeaVTOV TCOV 15 

XlOwv." 

14 TauTa eTi Xeyovo-rjs avT))s ov ireptpueivas eyco to 
reXos Tcov Xoycov dvacrTa^ dire^rjvdfjirjv, Kal tt\v 
ajiopfyov eKeivrjv Kal epyaTCKr/v diroXiiroov fieTe- 
ftaivov 737)6? Tt]v TlacBeiap /xciXa yeyrjOcos, Kal 20 
fidXtcTTa eirel fioi eh vovv rfXdev r) aKVTaXr) Kal 
otl 7TXrjyd<; evdvs ovk oXiya? dp-yo^evw fiot %#e? 
iveTpiyjraTO. rj Be diroXeLcfrOelcra to fiev irpoiTov 
r)yavaKTet Kal tco X € ^P e o~vveKpoT€L Kal tol>? oBovTas 
eirpie, TeA.o? Be, oiairep tt\v Nl6/3t]v aKovofxev, 25 
eireir^yeL Kal els XiOov fjLeTe(3e(3Xr)T0. el Be 
vrapdBo^a eiraOe, fArj dirio~TrjarjTe ' 6avfiaT07rocol 

15 yap ol ovetpot. r) eTepa Be irpos fie dinBovaa 
" Totyapovv d/ietyofiai ae," e(f>r}, " Tr)crBe rr}? 
BiKaioavvr)*;, otl KaXto? ttjv Blktjv eBiKacra^' Kal 30 



8 AOTKIANOT L15 

iXde tjStj, eTrlfirjOi tovtov tov o;^/a<zto? " — Beigacrd 
tl fl%7}fia viroirrepoiv Xttttgw tlvcov tco Urjydaw 

COLKOTCOV " 07T&>? €L$f)S, old KOL rfklKCL pLT] CLKoXoV- 

6r)aa<; epuol dyvorjaeiv e/xeXXe?." enrel Be dvr)X6ov, 
5 tj fxev rjXavve kcll rjvLoyeL, dpOels Be eU vyfros eya) 
eTreaicoTrovv diro rrjs ecu dp^dpuevos &XP 1 ^P ** T ^ 
ecnrepLa irbXeLS kcll edvrj kcll StJ/jlovs, KaOdrrep 6 
TptTTToXefjios dirocrireipcov tl e? ttjv yrjv. ovtcen 
fievroi p.efjbv^jjbai, 6 tl to GireLpopuevov eicelvo rjv, 

io 7rXr}V TOVTO pbOVOVy otl KaTcoOev dcpopwvTes OL 
dvOpcairoL eiryvovv kcll pueT evcftrjpLLas, Kad^ ou? ye- 
volpLTjv ttj TTTrjaeL, irapeirepLirov. Bei^aaa he /jlol tol 16 
ToaavTCL fcdpbe tols eiraLVOVCTLv etceivoLS eiravrjyayev 
av0L<; ovrceTL tt]V ecrQr\Ta i/ceivr)v evSeSvKOTa, fjv 

is eiyov d(f>L7TTdpLevo<;, dXXd pLOL eSoKOW ev7rdpvcf>6<; 
Tt? eiravrjKeiv. KaTaXaffovcra ovv kcu tov nrarepa 
eaTcoTa koI TrepLpuevovTa eBeUvvev avTcp eKelvrjv 
tt)v eadrjTCL Kapue, olos rjKOLpuL, kcli tl kcll v7repLvr)- 
crev, ola pLL/cpov Sclv irepl ipiov e(3ov\evcraTO. 

20 Tclvtcl pbepLvrjpiaL IBcov dvTLiraL<; €tl cov, i'fiol Bokclv 
eKTapa'xOels irpb<; tov twv irX^ycov cj)6{3ov. 

MeTa^u Be XeyovTOS, " 'HpatcXeLs," e<j>r] tl$, " &>9 17 
pLdtcpbv to evvirvLov teal ZlkclvlkoV' ehr dXXos 
vireKpovcre, " yeLpuepLvoq oveLpos, bWe p,rjKLo-ial cIcflv 

25 al vvKTes, rj Taya irov TpLecrirepos coairep o 'Hpa- 
kXt/s teal clvtos eo~TL. tl o ovv eTrrfkOev avTto 
Xrjprjo-aL tclvtcl 7rpo? rjpLCL? kcll pLvrjadrjvaL TraL^LKrj^ 

VVKTO<$ KCLL OVelpWV 7TaXcLL(x)V Kdl <yey7]pCLK0T(DV ,* 

ewXo? yap r) ^vypoXoyla ' /jltj ovelpcov viroKpLTas 
30 TLvas r)pbd<$ v7relX7)(f)e ; " Ovk, uiyaOe- ovhe yap 



-i8.] ENTnNION. 9 

asvo(f)a)v wore Btr)yov/jbevo<; to evvirviov, co? eBoKei 
avTco TTvptcaia elvai ev rfj irarpwa oIkicl Kal ra 
aXXa, — LCTT6 yap — ov% viroKptatv rrjv o\jriv ov& 
a)? (f)Xvapelv £yv(0KQ)<; aura Bie^rjet, Kal ravra ev 
7ro\e/j,(p Kal [aclxV KaL a7royva)(T6L irpayfidrcov, 5 
irepieo-roiTCjov iroXefiiayv, dXXd ti Kal xprjcrifjiov el^ev 
18 7) Birjyrjcris. Kal roivvv Kayco tov tov tov 
ovetpov v/jlcv Bcrjyr) adp,7]v eKelvov eveKa, 

07T0)? ol vkoi 7T/30? TCL {3 e\T 1(0 TpklTWVTai 

Kal 7raiBela<; e^covrac, Kal fiaXcara, el rt? 10 
avTosv virb irevia^ eOeXoKaKel Kal 7rpbs ra rjrrco 
a7roK\ivei (pvcrtv ovk dyevvrj Bca<j)0elpcov. eirip- 
p(oa6r)aeTai ev olK oti KCLKelvo? aKOVcras tov fiv- 
0ov, iKavov eavrco irapaBetyiia e/xe TTpocrTrjo-dfievo^, 
evvowv olos fjuev tov irpos ra KaWiara top/jurjcra Kai 15 
Traiheias eTreOvfirjcra firiBev diroBeiXidaas irpos rrjv 
irevlav rrjv Tore, olos Be wpbs v/j,a<; eiraveXrfXvOa, 
el Kal fjLTjhev aXXo, ovBevbs yovv tmv XcdoyXvcpcov 
dSogorepos. 



TIMON H MISANePOriOS. 

TIMON, ZEY2, EPMH2, IIAOYTOS, IIENIA, TNA©fi- 
NIAH2, $IAIAAM, AHMEA2, ©PA2YKAH2. 



TIM. ^fl Zed (jtiXie /cal %evie /cal kraipele /cal 
insane /cal acrTepoirr)Ta /cal op/cce /cal ve(f>eXr)yepeTa 
/cal epiyhovire /cal el ti &e aXXo oi efiftpovTrfToi, 
TTOLrjral /caXovac, /cal fiakiara orav airopoiai TTpb? 
s ra fierpa, — Tore yap avTols 7ro\vu)vv/jLO<; yivofievos 
virepeiheLS to ttutttov tov [xerpov /cal ava7r\rjpol<; to 
Ke^rjvo^ tov pv0/jLov — irov croc vvv r) epio~\xapayo<$ 
aarpaTrr) /cal r) ftapvfipotios ftpovTr) /cal 6 aWaXoei? 
/cal apyrjet^ /cal cr/JbepSaXeos /cepavvos ; airavra yap 

10 ravra Xrjpos rjhr) avaTre'cprjve /cal /cairvbs are^vco^ 
7roir)TUCo<$ e^co tov iraTayov twv ovopbCLTcov. to Se 
aolBifJiov ctol ical e/crjftoXov ottXov ical irpoyeipov 
ov/c otS' oVw? TeXews aTTeaftr) /cal yfrv^pov eo~Ti 
firjBe oXlyov airivOrjpa 6pyf}<; icaTa twv clSucovvtcov 

is htafyvXcLTTOv. Oclttov yovv tcov eiriop/celv Tt? eVfc- 2 
yeipovvTwv ecoXov OpvaXXtSa (poftrjdelr) av rj tt)v 
tov iravhafiaTopo^ /cepavvov (j)Xoya • ovtco BaXov 
TLva eiravaTeivecdai So/ce£? avTols, co? irvp p,ev r) 



-4] AOTKIANOT TIM&N. 33 

kclttvov air avrov firj hehtevat, fiovov he rovro 
oleadai diroXavcrecv rod rpavfjuaros, on dva7r\r)cr6r)- 
crovrao rrjs dcr/36\ov. cocrre rjhrj hid ravrd croi, Kal 
6 ^aXficovevs dvnjBpovrdv iroXf^a, ov irdvv n 
dirlOavos cov, irpbs ovrco tyvy(pbv rrjv opyrjv Alcl $ 
Oep/Jbovpybs dvrjp- /jLeyaXav^ov/nevos. ireos yap ; 
oirov ye KaOdirep viro fiavhpayopa KaOevheis, o? ovre 

r(OV ilTLOpKOVVTCOV UKOVeiS 0VT6 rOVS dhlKOVVraS 

eiricrKoirels, Xtj/jlcis he real djji(3\vcorreis irpbs rd 
ycvofieva teal rd cor a eKKeKcocpcocraL KaOdirep oi *o 

3 Trapr)@7] /cores. eVet veos ye en fcal o^vOvfxos cov 
Kal atc/JLalo? rr\v opyrjv iroXXa Kara rcov dhiKCOV Kal 
ftiaicov eiroieis Kal ovheirore r)yes rore irpbs avrovs 
eKeyeipiav, a\V del evepybs irdvrcos o Kepavvbs rjv 
Kal 7) alyls errecretero Kal rj ftpovrr) eirarayelro is 
Kal r/ darpairr) crvve^es coairep els aKpofioXto-fibv 
irporjKOvri^ero • ol creicrfiol he KoaKLvrjhbv Kal y 
X l <0V crcoprjhbv Kal 7] yaka^a irerprjhov, iva croi 
cpoprcKcos hiaXeycofiac, verol re payhalot Kal fiiatot, 
irora/jubs eKaarrj araycov ■ cocrre rrjXiKavrr) ev aKapel 20 
Xpovov vavayia eirl rod AevKaXicovos eyevero, cos 
viroppv^Ccov dirdvrcov KarahehvKorcov /xoyes ev n 
Ktftconov irepcacoOrjvat irpocroKeTXav rco AvKcopel 
^(oirvpov re rod dvOpcoirlvov airep/xaros hiacpvXdrrov 

4 els eiriyovrjv KaKias fiel^ovos- roiydproi aKokovOa 25 
rrjs paOvfjuias rdiriyeipa KO/jLity irap avrcbv, ovre 
Ovovros en croi nvos ovre arecpavovvros, el fir) rt? 
dpa irdpepyov 'OXv/jLttlcov, Kal ovros ov irdvv 
dvayKala iroielv hoKcov, d\X els eOos n dpyalov 
crvvreXcov Kal fier 6\iyov Kpovov ere, a> Oecov 30 



34 AOTKIANOT [4 

yevvaiorare, diro^avovai Trapcoad/jievoi rrjs rifir}?. 
ea> Xe'yeiv, nroadiCLs 7]Br} aou top vebav o~eo~vXr)Kaaiv 
ol he rives Kal clvtcd ctol t<z? yelpas ^OXvfXTrlaaiv 
e7rt^e(3Xr)Kacri, Kal av 6 v-yjn^peLierrjs (o/cvrjaa? rj 
5 dvacrrrjo-ac roi)<; Kvvas rj tovs yeirovas iiracaXe- 
aaaOai, co? ftoTjSpofiijcravTes avrovs avXXdftoiev en 
av(TK€va%o/jt,evov<; 7rpb$ ttjv (f>vyrjv aX)C 6 yevvatos 
Kal TiyavroXercop Kal TiravoKpdrcop eKadrjao tov<? 
ttXok&ijlovs TrepLKeipofxevos viz avrwv, heKairrj-^vv 

10 Kepavvbv eycov ev rfj he^ta. ravra roivvv, to 
Oavfxdaie, irr^viKa ivavaeTat oi/rco? d\xeXoas irapo- 
pcoLieva ; rj irore KoXdaets ttjv roo-avrrjv dhiKiav ; 
irocroi <&ae6ovres rj AevKaXlazves CKavol 7r/?o? ovtcds 
virepavrXov vfipiv rod (3lov ; Itva yap ra Koivd 5 

is edcras rd/xd ecTrco, togovtovs 'AOrjvalcov eh in|ro<? 
apas Kal jrXovcrlovs eK ireveo-rdrcDV diro$r)va<$ Kal 
irdai roh heofievois eiriKovprjcras, /xaXXov Be dOpoov 
eh evepyealav rcov (j)tXcov e'/c^ea? rov ttXovtov, 
eTreohrj wevrjs hid ravra iyevoLirjv, ovKeri ovhe 

20 yvcopl^ofxac vrpb<; avrcov ovhe irpoarfiXeTrovcriv ol 
reeds viroirrrjaaovTe^ Kal irpoaKwovvTes KaK rov 
e/nov vevLiaros dirif)pTriiievoi, dXX' r)v irov Kal 6ha> 
ftahl^cov €VTV)£Cl> tivI avra>v, coairep rtvd arr)Xr)v 
iraXaiov veKpov virriav vtto tov ypovov dvarerpa/jL- 

25 fjuevTjv Trapep-^ovrai firjhe dvayvovres, ol he Kal 
iroppwOev Ihovres erepav eKTpeirovrat hvcrdvT7)Tov 
Kal diroTpoiraLov Oeapua o-^reaOai vTroXafjufidvovres 
rbv ov irpb ttoXXov acorijpa Kal evepyerrjv avrcov 
yeyevr]/ji€uov. cocrre vtto to)V KaK&v eirl ravrrjv 6 

30 ttjv eo-yaridv rpairofievos evayjrd/jLevo? hi(f)depav 



-S-] TIM.QX. 35 

€pya£ofj.ac tiiv yrjv vTrofiLcrOo^ ofioXwv rerrdpcov, 
rfj eprjixia Kal rfj BiKeWri TrpoacfriXoaocpcov. ivravOa 
tovto yovv fioi Bokcd KepBavelv, fxtiKeTC o^reaQai 
ttoWov? irapa rrjv d^lav ev tt pan ovr a? ■ dvia- 
porepov yap tovto ye. i']trj iroTe ovv, aj Kpovov Kal 5 
'Pea? vie, tov (Sa&vv tovtov vttvov diroaetadpLevo? 
Kal vrjBv/iov — vrrep tov 'ETTifievtBrjv yap KeKOi- 
firjaac — Kal dvappiTricra? tov Kepavvbv 1) eK Try; 
AItvt\<$ ivavcrdfievos ueyakrjv iroLi^aa? ti)v <f>\6ya 
iiriBei^ai Tiva yo\^v dvBpcoBov? Kal veaviKov Albs, 10 
el p,7j dXrfdrj eaTi tcl vtto KprjTOJV Trepl crov Kal r?}>> 
eKel Ta(b?js fivOo\oyov/j.eva. 

7 ZET2. TV? ovto? eaTiv, a) 'Epfirj, 6 KeKpayoos 
eK T7]$ 'Attlk^ Trapd tov 'TfiriTTOv ev tt) vircopeia 
TTLvapbs o\o$ Kal av^fiocv Kal vTroBi(f)depo$ ; GKaiTTet 15 
Be ol/iac eTTiKeKV$>(i)<;' Xa\o? dvOpoaros Ka\ Opacrv<;. 

7) ttov <f>i\6o~ocf>o$ ecrTiv. ov yap dv ovtgos acre/Sew 
tov? \070u? Biejrjjei KaO" 7]/j,cov. 

EPM. Tl (/>;??, w TruTep ; dyvoeh Tt/icova tov 
^E-^eKpaTtBov tov KoWvTea ; ovtos icrTiv 6 ttoWu- 20 
Kis rata? Ka& lepwv TeXetcov ecrTidaa^, veGTrXov-ro^, 
o t«9 6\a^ e/caro/x/3a?, Trap' (b Xa/j-Trpco^ eopTa^etv 
elcoOa/jLev tcl Aidcria. 

ZETX. $tv rife a\\ayrj$ m /caXo? iKelvos, 6 
irXovato^^ Trepl bv ot toctovtol (f>t\oi ; tl iradoov 25 
toiovtoi ecrTiv ; ai/)(fn]p6^, cid\io? Ka\ o-KaTravev<; 
Kal fiiadcoTos, co? eoiKev, ovtco fiapeiav KaTacpepcov 
T7)v BiKeWav. 

8 EPM. OvtcootI fiev elirelv, ^prjaTOTii^ eTreTpiyjrev 
avTov Kal (f>i\av6pcDTTLa Kal 7rpo?. tov$ Beo/ievov<; 30 



36 AOTKJANOT [8 

diravra^ oIktos, &>? Se d\7)6e2 Xoyop, avoid Kal 
evijOeia Kal afcpurla nrepl rcov (frlXcov, o? ov avvieL 
fcopa^t Kal Xvkois yapt^6/nevo<; y dXX' vtto yviroiv 
rocrovrcov 6 KaKoBal/jbcov Keipofievos rb rJ7rap <f)iXovs 
s elvai avrous Kal eratpov^ ayero, vir evvoias tt}? 
rrpos avrov yaipovra^ rfj (Bopa • ol Se rd bard 
yv/ivooaavre^ aKpiftcos Kal rrepurpayovres, el 8e rc<; 
Kal fiveXbs evrjv, eK/jLv^rjaavres Kal rovrov ev 
fiaka e7rt/xeX.ft)9, ooyovro avov avrov Kal t«? pi^as 

io V7TOT6T JJL7) fJLeVOV aiToXllTOVTeS, OvSe yVOdpl^OVrCS 6TC 

ov&e TTpoo-ftXeirovTes — iroQev yap ; — r) ernKOV- 
povvres rj eirththbvre<; ev roo fiepei. hid ravra 
8lk€Wlt7)s Kal Sicfrdeplas, to? bpas, diroXtirdiv vir 
alo"xvvr)$ to darv pbio-Oov yecopyel /jbeXayyoXoov 

15 toZ? KaKols, otl ol nrXovrovvre^ irap avrov fidXa 
VTrepoTTTLKO)*; rrapepyovrai ovBe rovvofia, el TcjuLcdv 
KaXolro, elSores. 

ZET%. Kal \Jbr)v ov irapoTTTeos avr\p ovBe 
d/JbeXr)reo^' elKoroos yap yyavaKrei Bvo-rvycov • eirel 

20 Kal o/uboia Troir}o-oyuev rols Karapdroi^ KoXafyv €K€L- 
vois e7riX€\r)o-/jL6voi avSpbs roaavra fMrjpia ravpcov 
re Kal alycov rnorara Kavaavro^ rj/jblv eVt rwv 
/3co/jL(x)v ere yovv ev rat? ptcrl rrjv Kvlaav avrcov 
e%a>. irXrjV vir dcr%oXla<; re Kal 6opvj3ov rroXXov 

25 rcov eircopKovvroov Kal ftia^o/xevcov Kal dpira^ovrcov, 
ert Se Kal <f)6f3ov rov rrapd rcov lepoavXovvrcov — 
rroXXol yap ovroi Kal 8va(f)vXa/croi Kal ovB eV 
bXiyov Karajivo-ai r\plv efyidcn — iroXvv 77877 y^povov 
ovSe dire/BXe-^ra e? rr)v 'ArriKyv, Kal jxdXiara ef 

30 ov (f>i\oao<f>la Kal Xoycov eptSes eirerroXaaav avrol^' 



-ii] TIMQN. 37 

fia^ofievcov yap 7rpo<? d\\rj\ov$ teal KeKpayoTcov 
ovSe eiraKovetv ecrrc rcov evy&v ware rj i7rt/3vad- 
fievov yprj rd <hra KaOrjaOai rj e7TtTpi(3rjvai irpbs 
avroiv, dpeTTjV Tiva /cat dacofiara koI Xi'ipovs /xeydXrj 
rfj (f)covf) ^vvecpovTcov. Sod ravrd too teal tovtov s 
dfJbeXrjOrjvai £vve/3<rj nrpbs rj/jicbv ou (f)avXov ovra. 

10 oficos Be tov UXoutov, a) 'EpfjiYj, nrapaXaftwv dlTldl 
irap avrbv /card rdyo^' dyerco Be o IIXoutos Kal 
tov ©rjcraupbv fieO' aurov Kal fxeveroiaav dficfrco irapd 
tco Ti/jlcdvc firjSe diraXXarreaOoicrav ourco paStas, 10 
kclv oti fidXccrra uirb xprjcrTOTrjTOs au6i<$ €k8c(ok7j 
avrovs rrjs ol/cias. nrepl Be tojv koXukcov i/ceivoov 
/cal ttjs dyapLGTias, t)v eireBei^avTO irpbs avrov, 
Kal avOcs fiev a/ceyjfOfiaL ical Blktjv Bcocroucriv, eirethdv 
rbv /cepavvbv eirtaKeudao} • KaTeayfxevao yap auTou 15 
Kal direaTOfKafievat elal Buo d/cTu>e<; at fxeyio-Tai, 

OTTOTe fyiXoTlfJLOTepOV TjKOVTLO-a 7T pOiTjV eirl TOV CTO(f)l- 

(tttjv 'Ava^ayopav, o? eireiOe tous opuXriTds fir)Be 
o\&>? elvac Ttvas i)fJid<; tovs Oeous. aXX' i/ceivov [xev 
Sirj/xapTOV, — vTrepeo-)(€ yap auTou tt)v X 6 ~ L P a ^epc- 20 
/cXr)<; — Be tcepavvb? e? to 'Ava/celov irapaa /o/'-v^a? 
i/celvo T€ /caTe(f)Xet;e /cal auTos bXiyov Belv auveTpi(3r) 
irepl ttj ireTpa. ttXtjv l/cavr) ev toctoutw /cal avTrj 
Tificopia eo-Tai auToU, el uirepirXouTouvTa tov 

TlfJLWVa opcbaLV. 25 

11 EPM. Olov tjv to fjbeya Ke/cpayevat Kal b^Xrjpbv 
elvai Kal Opaavv. ou tois BiKaioXoyoucn /jlovols, 
dXXa koI rot? evyofievoi^ tovto xprfcri/jLOv • IBou ye 
Tot avTiKa fidXa irXovaios eK ireveaTaTov KaTa- 
CTijareTac 6 Tijiwv {3or]aa<; Kal irapprjataadfievo^ ev 30 



3^ AOTKIANOT L« 

T V ev XV Kai iirLaTpiyfras tov Ala' el Be o-cwrrrj 
ecTKairrev iiriKeKvcfxos, ere av eaKairrev dpeXov- 

[JL6V0S. 

UAOTT, ^AXX! eyco ouK av direkQoipi, w Zev, 

5 Trap avrov. 

ZET%. Aid tI, c5 dptare UXovre, /cat Tavra 
ifiov KeXevcravros ; 

nAOTT. "On vv Ala v/3pi£ev ek e/ie koI 12 
e^ecf>6pet Kal 6? iroXXa Karepbipi^e /cal ravra 

io irarpcoov avrco cplXov ovra, Kal povovovyl hiKpdvoi? 
e^ecodeo pue tt}? o Ik las KaQdirep ol to irvp €K tcov 
yeipcov airoppiiTTOVVTes. av0t<; ovv direXOco irapa- 
cltois Kal KoXa^v Kal eraipai? 7rapaSodr)aopevo<; ; 
eir eKelvovs, co Zev, irepbire p.e tov? alaOrfcropbevov? 

15 777? Scoped';, rov? 7repLeyjrovra<;, oh rlpLto? eyco Kal 
7repc7r6dr)To<; • ovtol he ol Xdpoc rfj irevla %vve- 
o-Tcocrav, t)v irpOTipcocrLV rjpcov, Kal StcpOepav Trap 
avrrj? Xafiovre? Kal SiKeXXav dyairdrcoaav dOXioi 
rerrapa? ofioXovs dirocpepovre? ol SeKaraXdvrov? 

20 Scoped? dpeX^rl irpolepbevot. 

ZET2. OvSev en, rocovrov 6 Tipbcov epydo-erat 13 
Trepl cri' irdvv yap avrov rj SiKeXXa ireiraihayco- 
yr]Kev s el pr) iravTairacriv dvdXyrjro? ecrri rrjv dacfivv, 
co? XPV V °"£ dvrl rrj? irevla? irpoaipelaOai. av 

25 pevroi, irdvv pepyfrlpocpo? elval pot SoKel?, o? vvv 
puev rbv Tlpcova alrta, Slotl aoi rd? 6vpa? dvaire- 
rdaa? rjcpLei nrepivoarelv iXevOepco? ovre diroKXeicov 
ovre ^rjXorvTTcov dXXore Se rovvavnov rjyavaKrei? 
Kara rcov irXovalcov KaraKeKXelaOai Xeycov irpo? 

30 avrcov viro pLO^Xoi? Kal KXeual Kal arjpeccov em- 



-i5] TIM&N. 39 

fioXals, &)? firjBe irapa/cvtyal ctoi e? to <£w? Bvvarbv 
elvat. TCLvra yovv dircoBvpov 7rpo? fxe diroirviyeaOai 
Xeycov ev iroXXco rco a/corco • /ecu Bid tovto compos 
rjfilv e<f>aivov /ecu cppovrtBos avdirXecos, o-vvecnraictos 

TOV$ 8cLKTv\OV<; 7T/DO? TO '€0O<; TLCV XoyiCTfJiCOV KCU 5 

diroBpdcreo-Oai direiXcov, el /ccupov Xdftoio, irap 
avrcov /cal oXcos to irpdy/xa virepBetvov eBo/cet crot, 
ev %aX/cto rj acBrjpco rco OaXd/xcp /caOdirep rr)v 
Aavdrjv irapOeveveaOai vir d/cpifieo-L /cal ira^iTO- 
vr)poi<$ iraiBaytoyols dvarpecpo/xevov, rco To/cco /ecu 10 

14 rco Aoyicrfico. aroira yovv irotelv ecfraa/ces avrov? 
ipwvras /jL€v et? v7rep{3oXrjv, e%bv Be diroXaveiv ov 
ToXficovras, obBe eir dBeias xpeo/xevovs rco epcorc 
/cvpeovs ye ovtcls, dXXa cpvXdrrecv eyprjyoporaSj e? 
to ar/fjielov /ecu rov /jlo^Xov daKapBafivKrl fiXe- 15 
irovras, i/cavrjv diroXavaiv olofievovs ov to avrovs 
diroXaveiv eyeiv, dXXa to fir/Bevl fieraBiBovai t?}? 
diroXavaeco^, KaOdirep rrjv ev rfj cpdrvrj icvva /jl^tc 
avrrjv eaOiovaav rcov icpiQtov fMtjre rco lttttco ireivtovri 
eiriTpeirovcrav. Kal irpoaert ye /cal /careyeXas avrcov 20 
fyeiBofievcov /ecu c^vXarrovrcov zeal to kcuvotcltov 
avrovs ^7]Xotv7tovvtcl)v, dyvoovvrcov Be cos /cardparos 
ol/eeT7)s rj oi/cov6/jlo$ TrcuBorpity vireicncov Xa6paico$ 
efjarapoLvqcret rov /ca/coBaifiova /cal dvepaarov Be- 

CTTrOTTJV 7T/30? UfXavpOV Ti Kal fJU/CpOCTTOfjLOV Xv^viBiov 25 

Kal Bt^aXeov OpvaXXiBiov eiraypvirvelv edcras rots 
To/cot?. ttcos ovv ov/c ciBc/ca ravra, irdXat fiev 
etcelva alriaaOai, vvv Be rco Tlficovi rd evavrla 
ein/caXelv ; 

15 IIAOTT. Kal /jurjv el ye TaXrjdes etjerd^ots, 30 



40 AOTKIANOT [15 

afjL(j>co croc evXoya Bo^co iroielv rod re yap Tlficovos 
to iravv tovto dvei\xevov Kal apeXes ovk evvoiKOV 
ft)? irpbs ifie eltcoTws av Bokolt] • tovs tg av 
Kard/cXeiarov Qvpai<$ Kal ev <jkot<£> (fcvXaTTOVTaSs 
5 oVco? clvtoZs ira^vTepo? yevotfirjv Kal TTLfJueXr)*; Kal 
virepoy/cos iTTi/JLeXovfAevovs, ovre irpoaaiTTOfxevov^ 
avTovs ovre e? to <£c5? irpodyovTas, &)? fjurjBe 6(f)0elr)v 
7TjOO? tivos, avoijrovs evo/M^ov elvai Kal v(BpLo~Ta<;, 
ovBev dBcKovvTa fie virb togovtols BeGfiols fcara- 

10 (rrjirovTCLs, ovk elSoras ft)? /xera pbiicpbv airiaaiv 
aXX(p tlvI tmv evBat/juovcov fie KaTaXarovTe^. ovt 16 
ovv e/cetVou? ovre rovs irdvv irpo^eipov? et? ifie 
tovtov? eiraiva), aXXa rou?, oirep apiGTOv eari, 
fierpov iirtOrjaovra^ rS irpdyfJuaTi teal fJurjTe d<pe^o- 

is fievov? to irapdirav fjurjre irporjaofjuevovs to oXov. 
GKoirei yap, w Zev, 7T/30? tov Aiqs, el tl<s vofMp 
ytf/jLas yvvaiKa vkav Kal /caXrjv eireiTa fi^re <f>vXdr- 
tol jjbtjre fyXoTVirol to irapdirav, d<j)LeU /cat ftaBi^eiV 
evda av eOeXoc vvKTcop /cal /-te#' r/fiepav Kal ^vvelvat 

so tols fiovXojjLsvoLS, fxaXXov Be avTOs dirdyoi y^oiyev- 
6r)o~o/JL6vr)v dvolycov Ta? Ovpas /cal fiacrrpoirevoov KaX 
irdvras eir avrrjv /caXcov, apa 6 t'oiovto? epav 
Bo^etev av ; ov av ye, w Zev, tovto <f)air}<; ay 
epaaOel? iroXXd/cis. el Be Tt? efjaraXtv eXevOepav 17 

25 yvvat/ca eh Trjv Ik lav vo/iw irapaXaftoov eir dpoT(p 
iralBcov yvrjaicov 6 Be fJurjTe ai/ro? irpoadirToiTO 
aK[JLaia<$ Kal KaXrjs irapOevov firjTe aXXw irpoaftXe- 
ireiv eiriTpkiroi, ayovov Be Kal crTelpav KaTaKXetaa? 
irapOevevoi, Kal Tama epav (pdaKcov Kal Br)Xo<z cbv 

30 dirb tt)? %poa? Kal t?5? o~apKo<; eKTeTrjKvias Kal 



-i9] TIM&N. 41 

T(av 6cf>0dXfia)V v7roBeBuKOTCOv, eo~6' ottcds 6 tocovtos 
ov irapairaieiv Bo^ecev av, Beov iraiBoirotelcrQaL Kal 
airokaveiv rod ydfiov, Kara/xapalvcov evTrpcawTrov 
ovrco kol eirepaaTov Koprjv KaOdirep lepetav rfj 
@ecrfio(f)6p(p rpe(fxov Bca iravrbs tov /3iou ; ravra 5 
teal aurbs ayavafCTO) irpbs evicov fiev aTZ/xoK Xafcrc- 
£6fievos teal \a$>vcra6}jLevo<; Kal e^avrXovfievo^, vir 
ivioov Be (oairep GTiyjiaTLas BpaireTTjs ire7reBr]' 

18 ZET%. Tl ovv ayavafcreis kclt clvtojv ; BiBoacc 10 
yap a/jLcfcco KaXrjv tijv Blkijv, ol fiev toenrep o 
TdvraXos clttotol koI ayevaroi Kal fyipol to aTOfia, 
iirLKeyrjvoTe^ fxovov toG ypvaiw, ol Be KaOdirep 
<f>Lvei)<s airb Trjs (f)dpvyyo$ ttjv rpocpyv virb rwv 

' ApirvLonv d(fiaipov/x€VOi. a\V airiOt ijBrj aoo(f)po- 15 
veo-repo) irapd 7ro\v tc3 Tificovc evTev^bfJLevos* 

IIAOTT. 'jE/ceiz^o? ydp irore iravcrerai coairep 
i/c tco(f)ivov rerpviry/jLevov, irpXv o\o>? elo-pvfjval fie, 
Kara cnrovByv itjavrXcov, (pOdaac /3ov\6{ievo<; tt]V 
imppo-qv, fj,r) virepavrXo? eo-Treacov eirackvcrco avrov ; 20 
ware e? rov rcov AavatBwv it'iQov vBpo<popi)Getv p.oi 
Bokcj Kal /idrrjv eiravr\rjaeiv, tov kvtovs firj 
creyovros, uXkd irplv elcrpvfjvai, ayeBov eKyvOrjao- 
fjuevov tov eiTLppeovro^' ovtcds evpvrepov to irpbs 
t^v etcyycriv Keyyvbs rov iriQov Kal aKGj\vTO<z rj 25 
e^oBos. 

19 ZET2. Oukovv rjv fiJ] ep,<j)pdj;7]Tai to Keyrjvb^ 
tovto Kal e? to curat; dvaireiTTa^evov, eKyyOevTOS 
iv {3 payee gov pqBlws evptjerec ttjv Bi$6epav avOos 
Kal ttjv BUeXXav ev Ty Tpvyl tov ttlOov. aU' 30 



42 AOTKIANOT [19 

airiTe rjBr) Kal irXovTi^eTe avTQV av Be /jLefivrjao, 
co ( Epfir), eiraviwv irpos r)/ia<; ayeiv tovs KvkXcdttcls 
Ik r% AItvt)^, O7rco? tov Kepavvov dicov^aavTe^ 
errLGKevaawGLV ' co? 77877 ye TeOi^y/ievov avrov Berjao- 
5 fJLeOa. 

EPM. Upo'Loo/iev, 00 TlXovre. tl tovto ; viro- 20 
cr/cafet? ; eXeXrjOeLS fie, co yevvdBa, ov TV<pXb<; jjlovov, 
dXXa real ^co\o? cov. 

TIAOTT. Ovk del tovto, co 'Eppbr), d\V oirorav 

10 fiev dirico irapd riva irefi^Oeh biro tov A 16s, ovk oW 
ottcos fipaBvs elfio Kal ^coXo? dfJL<$>oTepois, co? /jloXi? 
reXelv eirl to Tep/xa, TrpoyrjpdaavTos ivioTe tov 
Trepip,evovTO^, ottotclv Be diraXXaTTeaOat Bey, ttt7]vov 
o^ec, ttoXv toov ovelpoov coKVTepov afxa yovv eirecrev 

is 7) vcnrXrjy^, Kayoo rjBr) dvcucr) pvTTO/xai vevtKTjKoos, 
V7repTT7]S7]aa<; to crTaBcov ovBe IBovtcov ivioTe toov 

OeCLTCOV. 

EPM. Ovk dXrjOrj TavTa <j>r)<; ■ eydo ye tov 
ttoXXovs av elirelv eyoipui aoi %#e? fiev ovBe 6(BoXov, 
20 coaTe iTpiao-Qai /3p6%ov, eV^/coTct?, acfrvoo Be Tr)p,e- 
pov TrXovaiovs Kal 7roXvTeXel<; eirl Xev/cov ^evyovs 
e^eXavvovTas, oh ovBe KavOrjXios virrjp^e irooiroTe. 
Kal co/xoi;? iropfyvpol /cat y^pvcroyeipes irepiepyovTai 
ovB> aifTol TTiaTevovTes, oifiai, otl fir) ovap irXov- 

25 TOVCTLV. 

IIAOTT. 'ETepolov tovt Icttiv, 60 'Epfirj, /cal 21 

ov)(l toIs epbavToi) iroal (BaBt^oo totc, ovBe 6 Zevs, 

dXX' 6 UXovtcdv diroo-TeXXei fie irap avTOvs ctTe 

TrXovToBoTij? teal fieyaX6Boopo<; Kal o.l»to? cov BrjXol 

30 yovv Kal too ovo/iaTi. eTreiBdv toLvvv fieTOiKicr0r)vai 



-2 3 =] TIM.QN. 43 

Bey fie irap erepov 7rpo? erepov, e? heXTOv ifi(3a- 
XovTes fie kcli KaTa<T7]fjL7]vdfA€voL eirifieXcos fyoprjhov 
apdfievoi fieTaKOfil^ovo-i • kcli 6 fiev ve/cpb$ iv 
(TKoretvco 7rov ttjs olklcls irpoKeiTCLL inrep tcl yovara 
iraXaia rw odovrj aKenrofievo^, TrepifidyriTos rats 5 
yaXais, ifie he ol iireXirlaavTe^ iv rfj dyopa, 
7T€pi/jL6vov(7i K€%t)v6t€<; oiairep tt)v ^eXihova irpoa- 

22 Trero/jLevrjv rerpiyoTes ol veoTTOt. iireihdv he to 
arjfieiov d(f)cupe6f} kcli to Xlvov ivTfir)6fj kcli t) heXTO<; 
avoiyQr) kcli dvcucr\pvyQr} fiov /caivbs hecnr6T7]<; 10 
r]TOi o-vyyevrjs Tt? rj KoXa^ rj KaTairvywv olrceTT]? 

€K TTCllhlKCOV TljJLLOS, V7T€^Vp7]fieV0<; eTL TTjV yvdOoV, 

clvtI ttolklXwv kcli TravTohaiTWv rjhovcov, a? 77877 
€^copo<; wv V7T7]peT7]o-ev avTu>, fieya to fiLadw/ia 6 
yevvaios diroXaftoov, eicelvos fiev, octtis av 77 ttotc, 15 
apTraad/jLevos fie avTj} heXTCp 6el <f>epcov uvtI tov 
Tea)? Hvpplov 7) ApofjLWvos rj TifSiov MeyafcXr)*; 
rj Meyd/3u£o<; rj UpaoTap-^o^ fieTOvofiaaOeis, tov<$ 
fiaTrjv Keyr\voTas eKeivov^ et? dXXijXovs diro^Xe- 
ttovtcls KCLTaXnrcbv dXr)0e<; ayovTas to irevOos, olos 20 
civtovs 6 Ovvvos etc fivyov tt}? o-ayr)vr)<; hie(f)vyev 

23 ov/c oXiyov to heXeap kcltclttloov. 6 he epTrecrcov 
aOpocos et? ifie direipofcaXos kcli Tra^yhepfio^ avdpw- 
7T0?, eTi tt)v irehrjv irecfrpifccos kcu el nrapiwv aXKws 
IxacrTL^eie Tt? opObv i(f>io~Tas to ofo kcli tov fivXcova 25 
wenrep to dvd/CTopov irpoarKvvwv, ovkctl (f>opr)TO<$ 
eo-Ti tols evTvy ydvova iv, dXXd tou? t€ iXevOepovs 
v/3pl£ei teal rou? ofiohovXov? /lacTTtyol diroTreipoo- 
fievo<; el teal clvtco tcl toiclvtcl etjeaTiv, &XP 1 av V 
e«? TTopvihiov tc efiirecrcov rj i7nroTpo(f)ia<; eirt6v/jLr]aa<; 30 



44 AOTKIANOT [23 

rj KoXa^i 7rapahov<; eavrbv o/jlvvovctiv, r) firjv ev/jiop- 
cf>orepov fjuev iVtpeco? elvac avrbv, evyevecrrepov Se rov 
KitcpoTros 7) KoSpov, crvvercorepov Be rov ' OSvcro-ecDS, 
ifkovcricorepov Se avvd/jua Kpolcrcov e/cfcaiSe/ca, iv 
5 aKapel rov y^pbvov clOXlo? eK^ey rd kot okiyov iic 
rroXXcov emopKitov Kal dpiraycov Kal iravovpyitov 
avveiXeyfieva. 

EPM. Avrd rrov a^ehbv t/)?)? ra yivbp,eva' 24 
brrbrav 8' ovv avrbirovs fta&i^ys, 7rco? ovrco rv(j>Xbs 
10 cov evplatceis rr)v bhbv ; rj 7rw? Siayivuxr/ceLs ecj> 01)5 
av ere 6 Zev<$ dirocrreiXr] KpLvas elvai rov rrXovrelv 
allows ; 

UAOTT. Olei yap evpicrKeiv fie oTrives elcn ; 
fid rov Ala ov rrdvv ov yap av ^Apicrrelhrjv Kara- 
is Xlttcov 'IiriroviKco Kal KaXXla Trpoayeiv teal 7roXXol<; 
aXXocs ' 'A9r)valcov ovBe b/3oXov allots. 

EPM. IlXrjv dXXa rl rrpdrret^ Karate fi<f>0 els ; 

IIAOTT. "Avco Kal Karco irXavcofiai rrepivocrrcov, 

ayjpi av XdOco tlvI e\irrecrcov' 6 t)e, Bern? av irpcorb? 

20 /lot irepiTv^r], dirayaycov [irap 1 avrbv] e^et, ere 

tov 'Epjjirjv errl rco rrapaXbyco rov KepSovs Trpocr- 

KVVCOV. 

EPM. Ovkovv e^7j7raT7]Tac 6 Zevs olbfievbs ae 25 
Kara to avrco Sokovv irXovrl^etv ocrou? av oirjTai 
25 rov ifkovrelv d^iovs ; 

IIAOTT. Kal fidXa SiKaloos, coyaOe, 0? ye 

rvcjtXbv ovra etSw? errefiirev dva^ryjo-ovra Svaev- 

perov ovrco ^prjfia Kal nrpb ttoXXov e/cAe\ot7ro? €K 

tov /3/ou, oirep ovK 6 AvyKev<; av e^evpot pa&Loos, 

30 dfiavpbv ovrco Kal fiLKpbv ov. roiyapovv are rcov 



-2 7 .] TJM.QX. 45 

fiev dyaOcov oXiycov ovtcdv, irovrjpcov he TrXeicrrcov 
ev rat? iroXeai to irdv eireyovTwv, puov e? TOU? 
tolovtovs ifiTTLTTTa) irepacov Kal aayrjvevo/iao 7rpb$ 
avrcov. 

EPM. Elra 7rc5?, eirethdv KaraXiiTrys avrovs, 5 
pqhicos <f>evyet<; outc et'Sco? rr)v ohov ; 

IIAOTT. 'O^vSep/crjs rore ttco? Kal dpriTrovs 
yivoyuai 7rpo? fiovov top /caipbv t?}? <j>vyrj<;. 

26 EPM. "Etc hrj /xoc Kal tovto airoKpivai, 7rw? 
rv(f>Xb<; oav, elptja-erat yap, fcal rrpoaeri compos Kal 10 
ftapvs etc rolv gkeKolv toctoutovs epao~rd<; ex et< *> 
cocrre Truvra^ d7ro/3Xerreiv el? ere, Kal Tvyovras fiev 
evhdLfiovelv oXecrQai, el he'dTTOTv^oiev, gvk dveyecrQai 
^wvtcls ; olha yovv rivas ovk 6\iyov$ avrcov ovrco 
gov hvcrepcoras ovras, cocrre Kal e? fiadvKrjrea 15 
rrbvrov cpepovres eppc^rav avrovs Kal rrerpcov kclt 
rjXi(3dro)v vTrepopaadcu vojii^ovres iiirb aov, bnirep 
ovhe ri]v dpyrjv ecopa? avrov^. irXi]v dXXa Kal 
crv dv ev otS' ore 6fioXoyy]o~eia$, el n ^vvlrj^ 
aavrov, KopvfiavTLav avrovs epcofievco rciovrcp Ittl- 20 
/lefirjvoras. 

27 IIAOTT. Ol'ec yap roiovrov, olo? elfii, bpdaOat 
avjois, ^wXov rj rvcpXbv r) baa dXXa p.01 izpbcr- 
ecTTiv ; 

EPM. *AXXa 7tw?, co IlXovre, el fir] rvcfiXol Kal 25 
avrol iravT€<s elcrlv ; 

IIAOTT. Ou rucpXoi, co dptare, aXX* r) ayvoia 
Kal )) airdrrf J al'rrep vvv Kareyovcri rd irdvra, 
eiTLaKui^ovaiv avrovs ■ ere he Kal avros, co? 
firj travrdiracTLv dfiopcfros eir\v, irpoacoirelov rt 30 



46 AOTKIANOT [27 

ipaa/UGOTaTov nrepiOepbevos, BidyjpvtTov Kal XlOokoX- 
Xtjtov, Kal irotKiXa evBus evTvyydvto avTol^' ol Be 
avroTTpoawTTov olofievot bpdv to koXXos epcocrt Kal 
diroXXvvTat jjlt) TvyydvovTes. &)? et ye Tt? avTols 
5 oXov diroyvjjLVooo-as erreSeL^e fie, BrjXov &)? /care- 
yivcocrKov av avrcov d/jLpXvcoTTovTes ret, rrjXiKavra 
Kal epcovres dvepdarcov Kal djuopcfycov irpayfiaTcov. 

EPM. Tl ovv OTt Kal ev avTco rjBr) tco irXovTelv 28 
yevofievot Kal to Trpocrcoirelov avrol ireptOepLevot en 

10 e^aTrarcovrai, Kal rjv rt? dcfxuprjrai avrovs, Ocittov 

av tt)v Kecf>aXr)v rj to irpoacoirelov irpooiVTo ; ov 

yap Brj /cal tot6 dyvoelv etVo? avTovs, o>? eTri^ptcrTO^ 

r) €v/jLop<j>la ecrTLV, evBoOev' tcu irdvTa opcovTas. 

IIAOTT. Ovk oXlya, to 'Ep/Jbrj, ical irpb<; tovto 

is floe avvaycovl^eTat. 
EPM. Td irola ; 

IIAOTT. 'EireiBdv Tt? evTV^cbv to wptoTOV dva- 
TTeTaaa^ Tr)v Ovpav eaBe^rjTal p,e, o-vybirapeicrepyeTat 
fieT ifjuov XaOcov 6 Tvcpos koX r) avoia icaX r) fieya- 

20 Xav^la Kal /maXa/cla /cal vfipts Kal diraTt] ical a\V 
aTTa fivpia' viro Br) tovtcov dirdvTcov KaTaXrjQdels 
T7]v tyvyr)v davfid^et Te Ta ov OavpLacTTa Kal opeyeTat 
tcov cpevKTCov fcdpbe tov irdvTCov e/ceivcov iraTepa tcov 
elcreXrjXvdoTcov KaKcov Te6r)ire Bopv(f>opovpLevov vtt 

25 avTcov, Kal irdvTa irpOTepov irdQot av rj epue. irpoecrOat 
VTTopieiveiev av, 

EPM. f /2? Xeto? el Kal oXtcrOrjpos, co TIXovTe, 29 
Kal Suo-KaTo^o^ Kal htafyevKTLKos, ovBefMtav dvTiXa- 
ftrjv irapeyoixevo^ /3e/3atav, aX\' coairep at ey^eXei^ 

30 rj ol o(j>ei<} Bed tcov BaKTvXcov BpaireTevets ovk otS* 



-3i] TIM.QN. 47 

ottw r) Tlevla S' efxirakiv tf £08779 re Kal evXa$r)<$ 
teal puvpla rd ayKtarpa eKTrefyvicoTa e'£ airavTOS rod 
(rcofiaros eyovcra, &)? irXrja-idaavTas evOvs eyeo-Qai 
Kal fjur] eyetv pqBia)? diroXv6r)vaL. dXXa jiera^v 
(f)Xvapovvra<; r)pa$ irpdyp^a r)hr) ov pLLKpbv SiiXaOe. s 

nAOTT. To irolov ; 

EPM. " Otl rbv @r)o-avpbv ovk €7rr)yay6fie0a, 
ovirep ehei ixaXicna. 

30 UAOTT. © dp pet rovrov ye eveicci' ev rfj yfj 
avrbv del KaraXeiirwy dvepyopaL irpbs lipids iiri- xo 
o-Kr]yjras evBov [xeveiv eiriKXeiadjxevov rr)v 6vpav y 
dvoiyetv he pbrjhevl, r)v fxr) aKOvcrrj ejnov fiorj- 
aavTos. 

EPM. Ovkovv eiTL^alvw/Juev rjSrj tt}? 'Attlktjs* 
Kal fjiot eirov eyopLevos rr)<; yXa/jLvSos, ciypL ^ v ^P ^ 'S 
rrjv eo-yaTiav d(f)i/ca)fjiaL. 

IIAOTT. Ev nroiels, co 'EppLr), yeLpaycoycov • 
iirel rjv ye diroXiirrj^ pue, 'Tirep^oXw rdya r) KXewvL 
ipLTTecrovpiac irepivocrTcov. dXXa t/? o ^6(pos ovto? 
ecm KaQdirep atSrjpov irpbs XiOov ; 20 

31 EPM. ( Tlpiwv ovroal aKuTrret irXr^alov opeivbv 
Kal vttoXlOov yrjhtov. irairal, Kal r) Ilevla irdpecrri 
Kal 6 IIovos eKelvos, r) Kaprepia re Kal r) Hocfria 
Kal r) 'Av&pela Kal 6 tolovtos oyXos twv vito tS 
AipiS rarTOpbivoov dirdvTwv, itoXv dfielvovs rcov awv 25 
Bopvtyopwv. 

IIAOTT. Tl ovv ovk diraXXaTTopeOa, a> e EppLrj, 
tt)v rayLarrjv ; ov yap av tl rj/jbels Spdaaifiev 
d^toXoyov 7rpo? dvSpa virb ttjXlkovtov arparoTreSov 
7repieo-')(r}pLevov. »o 



48 JOTKIANOT [31 

EPM. "AWws eBofje rQ> Ad' fir) dTToBeikicofxev 
ovv. 

TIEN. TIol rovrov dirdyei^-, co * Apyeifyovra, 32 
%etpaya)yoov ; 
5 EPM. 'Eirl rovrovl rov TlfMcova e7refji(j)6rjfjLev 

VTTO T0V AlO^. 

IIEN. Nvv 6 UXoOto? eirl Ttficova, oirbre avrbv 
eyed Ka(cay$ eyovra inrb t% Tpvcfrr}? rrapaXaftovcra, 
rovroial rrapaBovaa, rfj %o(j)ia ical tw TI6v(p, 
10 yevvalov dvBpa ical iroWov a^tov direBec^a ; ovroos 
dpa evfcaratypovrjTos iifuv i) Uevla Bo/ca) ical evaBl- 
/crjTOS, &o~6^ b fiovov icrrjfxa elyov dcfraipeiadal fie, 
afcpifia)*; 777)0? dperr)v e^eipyaafxevov, Xv avdes 6 
UXovros irapaXaftoov avrbv "T ft pec ical Tvcjxp ijX 60 " 
15 picas ofioiov ray rrdXat, fiaXOaicbv ical dyevvr) ical 
dvorjTOV diro^rjva^ diroBcp rrdXtv ifiol pdicos ijBr) 
yeyevrjfievov ; 

EPM. "EBofje ravra, w Uevla, ray Ail. 
TIEN. ' 'Aire pyo fiat' teal vfiels Be, a> Hove ical 33 
20 2ocf)la fcal ol XolttoI, d/coXovdeire fioi. ovros Be 
rdya elaerai, oiav fie ovaav diroXetyei, dyadrjv 
(Tvvepybv ical BcBdcricaXov rcov dplcrrcov, rj avvcov 
vyieivbs fiev rb aojfia, eppayfievos Be rrjv yvcofjLrjv 
BiereXeaev, dvBpbs ftiov %wv ical 777309 avrbv diro- 
25 (BXeirayv, rd Be nrepirrd ical 7roXXa ravra, coenrep 
eariv, dXXorpca vtt oXa fi [3 dv ay v. 

EPM. ' ' Airepyovrai' r)p,el<? Be rrpoalcofiev avray. 
TIM. TiW? eare, 00 /cardparot ; rj rl (BovXbfievot 34 
Bevpo rj/cere dvBpa epydrrjv ical ficadocf>6pov evo^Xrj- 
30 aovres ; dXX! ov yalpovres air ere fiiapol iravres 



-36] TDIP.X. 49 

ovres' eycb yap vpd$ avrUa pdXa fiaXXcov rat? 
j3oo\ot<; real roh \l6ocs crvvrpi^rco. 

EPM. MrjSa/ioJS, to Ti/JLWV, fir} fidX-p?' ov yap 
avSpdiirovs 6Wa? fiaXeh, dXX iycb /lev 'Epfirjs el /it, 
ourocrl he 6 IIXovtos' eirep^re he 6 Zev$ eiraKOvcraz; 5 
toov evyojv. cocrre dyadf) rv^V $&X ov T0V °^Pov 

aiTO(JTCLS TOiV TTOVWV. 

TIM, Kal vfiels oi/jLco^eaOe tfhi] Kahoi deol ovres, 
W9 (pare' irdvTas yap d/ia Kal dvOpcorrov? Kal 6eov$ 
fxiaco, rovrovl he rov rv<pX6v, 6<jtl$ dp fj, Kal 10 
eiTLTptyeLv fioc Bokq) rfi hiKeXkr). 

IIAOTT. 'ATTico/iev, d> 'Ep/xf), 7rpo? rov Atos, 
fieXayyoXap yap dpOpcoiros ov fierptco^ p.01 hoKel, 
fx7] re KaKov direXOoi 7rpoaXa^cop. 

35 EPM. Mrjhep (TKaiov, d> Tllicop, dWa to irdvv 15 
tovto dypiov Kal Tpayy KaTaj3a\cov irporeiva^ rco 
X € ^P e Xdpfiape ti)p dyadijv tv^iip Kal irXovret irdXip 
Kal io~6c ' A07]vaicov ra Trpw~ra Kal vrrepopa twv 
dyapiGTwv eKeivcov /10W? auTo? evhaipopccp. 

TIM. Ovhep v/AGov heop.au • fir) eVo^Xeire llol. 20 
iKavbs ifiol 7rXovro<; 7) hiKeXXa' rd 8' dWa evhac- 
fjioveararo^ elpi, /irjSevos p,oc TrXrjcrtd^ovTOS. 

EPM. Ovtcos, co rdv, diravQpdiTTws ; 
rovhe 0epa> Ail pidov a~rjvea re Kparepov re ; 
Kal pii)v eiKos i)v ptadvOpwirov fiev elvai ere roaavra 25 
vtt avrwp heivd ireirovOora, pacroOeop he p.r)hap.a:$, 
ot/rco? eirifjLeXovpevwv aov tccp Oeccv. 

36 TIM. 'AXXd aol pep, co 'Eppij, Kal ru> Ad 
rrXeiarj] x c ' l P li > t/)? eVz/xeXeta?, 'rovrovl he rov 
IlXovrov ovk dp Xdf3oipi. 30 



50 AOTKIANOT [36 

EPM. Tl 8v ; 

TIM. " Otl teal irakai fivpteov fioo kcucwv clltlos 
ovto? Kareorrr) teoXa^c re TrapaBovs teal eiriftovXow; 
etrayayebv teal /xtcro? iireyeipas teal rjBviraOela Bia- 

5 (j)0elpa<z teal €7rl<pdovov enrofyrjvas, reXo? Be d<pvco 
fcaTaXiircbv oi/t&>? airiGTWS teal 7rpoBoTcteco<; • r/ 
^eXrta-rr) Be Uevia ttovol^ p,e tols avhpuewTarois 
tearayv/jLvdcracra teal p,€T dXrjOeias teal TTappr)aia<$ 
irpocrofjLiXovcra to re dvayteala tedp,vovTi irapelye 

10 teal rcov ttoXXcov eteetveov teara<ppovelv eiralBevev i£ 
avrov ifjbov Ta? eXiriBa^ diraprrjaaad /jlol tov (Biov 
teal Bel^acra octtls rjv o ttXovtos e'yito?, ov ovre 
teoXa£ 0co7T€V(ov ovre o-vteo(f>dvT7}s (f)o/3o3v ) ov Btj/jlos 
wapo%vv6el<;, ov/e etetcXrjo-iacrTris yfrr)(f)0(f)op^aa<;, ov 

15 rvpavvos €7ri/3ovXevo-a<; d(f)eXea0ai BvvatT civ. ep- 37 
pcofievo? Toiyapovv iiiro rwv irovwv tov dypbv 
rovrovl (f)iXo7r6v(os epya^ofievo?, ovBev opcov rcov 
ev ao~T€L tcatewv, Iteava teal Bcap/erj eyw rd aX<f>cra 
wapa tt)? SiteeXXrjs. ware iraXlvB polios, a> r Ep/nfj, 

20 diridi rbv TIXovtov dirdyosv t& Ad' epuol Be tovto 
Zteavov r)V, irdvTas dvOpwirov^ r)/3r)Bbv ol/jbeo^ecv 
irotrjcrai. 

EPM. Mr)Bafi6)<;, coyaOe' ov yap 7rdvT€$ elcrlv 
€7riT7]Becoo 7rpo? olfjiwyrjv. dXX ea Ta opylXa 

25 TavTa teal /jLetpareicoBr) teal tov H\ovtov irapd- 
Xafie. ovtoi dir6{$Xi(}Td Ictti Ta Bcopa Ta irapd 
tov Aios. 

UAOTT. BovXei, co Tl/jlwv, BtteaioXoyrjo-co/jLai 
7T/30? ere ; ^7 ^aXeiralvei^ /jlol XeyovTi ; 

30 TIM. Aeye, fir) /juafepd fiivToi, firjBe jjueTa irpooi- 



-39 ] TIMQN. 5 1 

filcov, coairep ol eir it ptirT oi, p/jTopes' dve^ofiai yap 
ae oXlya XeyovTa Bid tov 'Ep^r/v tovtovL 
38 IIAOTT. 'E%pr}v puev lacos Kal fia/cpa elirelv, 
ovtco 7roXXd viro aov KaT7]yopr)6evTa' 6p,co<; Be opa 
el rl ae, &)? </> t 79, rjSl/ajfca, o? tcov fiev rjBlaTcov s 
dirdvTcov clltlos aoi KaTeaTrjv, Tt/jurj^ Kal irpoeBplas 
Kal aTe<f)dvcov Kal rr)<; aWrjs rpv<p%, irepL/3Xe7rTo<; 
re Kal dolBifios Bl e/jue rjaOa Kal irepiairovBaaio^' 
el Be tl ^aXeirov €K tcov KoXaKcov ireirovOas, 
avairios eyco aot • fxaXXov Be avTOS rjSiKrj/jLac rovrp 10 
viro crov, Blotl fie ovtcos citi/jlcos vire/3aXes dvBpdai 
KarapdroL<; eizaivovai Kal KarayoTjrevovaL Kal irdvra 
Tpoirov eirLJBovXevoval jaol' Kal to ye TeXevTalov 
e(f)r]o-0a, &>? irpoBeBcoKa ere, TovvavTiov S' av avTO? 
eyKaXeaatpbi aoL irdvTa Tpoirov direXaOels viro aov 15 
Kal eirl Kecf>aX^v egcoaOeU tt}? <u/a'a9* Toiyapovv 
dvTL /jLoXaKrjs ^XavlBo<^ TavTrjv ttjv Bicpdepav r\ 
TLfAMOTaTT) aot Tlevla TreptTeOetKev. coaTe fidpTvs 
6 'Epfir]*; ovToal, ireos LKeievov tov Ala /xrjKed 1 
r\Kuv irapa ae ovtco Bvapievcos jjlol irpoaevrj- 20 
veyfievov. 
39 EPM. 'AXXd vvv opas, co TJXovTe, olos JjBrj 
yeyev7)Tai ; coaTe Oappcov ^vvhiaTpi(3e avTcp' Kal 
av /nev aKairie &)? eyeis • av Be tov Srjaavpbv 
virdyaye Trj BlkeXXtj* viraKovaeTai yap ep,(Sor)aavTL 25 
aot. 

TIM. UeiaTeov, co 'EppLrj, Kal av9ts irXovTrjTeov. 
tl yap dv Kal irddoL rt?, oiroTe ol 6eol j3td^oivTO ; 
irXrjv opa ye, et? old p,e irpdypiaTa efifiaXXeL? tov 
KaKoBalfiova, 09 a>XP L v ^ v evBai/xoveaTaTa Bidycov 30 



52 AOTKIANOT [39 

yjpvcrov a(f)vco toctovtov \r]yjro/jtat ovhev dhttajcras teal 
ToaavTas (f)povTihas dvahe^o/jtat. 

EPM. ( T7r6o-r V ec, co Tifuov, ht ifie, teal el 40 
^aXeirov tovto teal ovtc oIcttov eo~Ttv, bircos ol 
5 tcoXatces e/cetvot hiappaycocrtv vtto tov (p06vov 
iyco he V7rep ttjv AtTvrjv is tov ovpavbv dva- 

7TT7]CrO[jbCU. 

IIAOTT. c O fiev aire\r)\v6ev, cos ho/cel' Tetcfiat- 
pOjjLdL yap rfj elpecrta tcov TZTepcov ■ av he avrov 

10 irepl/jieve • dvaTre/xijrco yap aot tov Orjaavpov 
airekOuiV fioXkov he irate. ae (j>7]/utt, Orjcravpe 
Xpvaov, vTraKovcrov Tiptcovt tovtwC teal irapdcr^es 
creavrhv dveXeaOat. aKairre, co Tl/jlcov, fiaQeias 
tcaTa(pepcov. eyco he vpuv airoarrjao/JLaL. 

15 TIM. "Aye hrj, co hltceXka, vvv jiot iirippcoaov 41 
o-eavrrjv koI fir} tedfjtys etc. tov fidOovs tov ©rjaavpov 
is Tov/Jtcpaves TrpotcaXovfievT). co Zev TepdaTte ko\ 
<fil\ot Kopv/3avTes ical ( Ep/ii7] /cephepe, iroOev toctovtov 
y^pvaiov ; rj ttov ovap TavTa ecrTt ; hehta yovv ptr) 

20 avOpatcas evpco aveypo/ievos' dWa fjtrjv yjpvcrlov 
io-Ttv eirtarifMOV, virepvOpov, f3apv teal tt)v wpoao-^rtv 
vireprjhto-TOv. 

& xp vcr *i de^ioofia koXXkttov ftpoTois" 
aWo/jtevov yap irvp ctTe htairpeirets teal vvtcTCOp teal 

25 fjteO' rj/xepav. iXOe, co <pt\.TaTe teal epaa/jttcoTaTe. 
vvv ireiOofiai ye teal Ala iroTe yeveaOat ^pvaov ti? 
yap ovtc av irapOevos dvaireTTTa/jtevots toIs koXttols 
virehe^aTO ovtco tcaXbv epaaTrjv hta tov Teyovs 
tcaTappeovTa ; co Mtha teal Kpotae teal to, iv 42 

30 Ae\<f>ots dva6t]fiaTa cos ovhev ctpa rJTe cos 7rpbs 



-44] TIM&N. 53 

Tifxcova Kal rbv Tlfiwvos rrXovrov, w ye ovBe 6 
(3aatXev<^ 6 Tlepachv lcto<;. co BUeXXa Kal (fuXrarrj 
BifyOepa, v/ias fiev ru> TIavl rovrw dvaOelvai KaXov 
avrbs Be rjBr] rrdaav irpLafievo^ ttjv ecr^aridv, 
nrvpyiov oiKoSo/jLTjcrd/uLevos virep rov Orjcravpov, fxovw s 
ifioi Ifcavov evBiairdaQai, ro avrb Kal rdcpov 
arroOavcov e^etv /jlol Bokco. BeB6^6co Be ravra Kal 
vevofioOeT-ijada) 7rpo? rbv erriXoiirov fiiov, d/jn^la 
Trpbs airavra? Kal dyvcoata Kal virepo-^rla ■ (plXo? Be 
r) gevos r) eralpos rj 'EXeou /3a)fib<; v6Xo<? 7ro\vs' ™ 
Kal to ol/creipcu BaKpvovra rj emKovpr)crai Beofievcp 
irapavoyuia real KardXvcn^ rcov eOow fJLOvrjpri^ Be r\ 
Blaira KaOdirep roi? Xvkols, Kal (fiiXos eh Tl/xcov. 

43 ol Be aXXoc nrdvres e-%6pol Kal eirl(3ovXot' Kal to 
Trpoao/jLtXyjcral nvi avrcov \xiaayia' Kal r)v riva iBco 15 
fiovoV) d7ro<ppd<? 7] rjfjiepa ' Kal o\co? dvBptdvrwv 
XlOlvwv r) ^aXKojp firjBev tjjjlIv Bta^epercoaav Kal 
fArjre KrjpvKa Be^cofieOa Trap avrcov fiijre arrovBd^ 
<T7revBoo/jLe6a • rj eprj/xla Be opos earco irpbs avrovs. 
(frvXerai Be Kal (j>pdrope<; Kal BrjfjioraL Kal r) rrarpls 20 
avrrj ■^rv^pd Kal dvaxfceXr) bvb\xara Kal dvoijrcov 
dvBpcov <\>CXorip.i]i±ara. irXovretroy Be Tificov /jlovo? 
Kal vrrepopdrw dirdvrwv Kal rpvepdrco fAovos Kad' 
eaurbv KoXaKela<; Kal erraivcov cpoprtKcov dirriX- 
Xay/jLevo?- Kal Oeols Overco Kal eucc-^elaOco /jlovo? 25 
eaurco yeircov Kal 6/xopos, eKacrrdrco rcov dXXcov. 
KaSdira^ eaurbv Be^icoaaaOac BeBo^Oco, Kal fjv Bey 

44 diroOavelvy avrco crrecpavov erreveyKelv. Kal ovo/ma 
fiev earco 6 Micrdv0pco7ro<; r)Btarov, rod rpbirov Be 
yvcopicr/xara BuaKoXia Kal rpa^vrrj^ Kal aKatorr)^ 30 



54 AOTKJANOT [44 

Kal bpyrj Kal airavOpcdirLa- el Be riva XBotfjLL ev irvpl 
Biacfrdeipo/jbevov Kal Karao-/3evvvvat iKerevovra, irirrrj 
/cal eXaia) Karaafievvvvai ' /cal tjv riva rov yei/jioovos 
6 irorafjios 7rapa(j)epr) 6 Be ra? yelpa? opeycov 

5 dvriXa(Sea6ai Berjrai, wOelv /cal rovrov eirl Ke^aXrjv 
j3airrl^ovra, ft)? fjb7)he ava/cv^ai BvvrjOetr)' ovrco yap 
av rr\v tarjv a7ro\d/3ot€V. elarjy^aaro rbv vouov 
Tl/jlcov 'EyeKparcBov KoXXvrevs, eire-y^rj^icre rfj 
i/c/c\7](TLa Tl/uLcov 6 avro<;. elev, ravra rj/xlv BeBoyOco 

io Kal avBpt/ccos e/nfievco/jbev avrols. irXr/v dXXa rrepl 45 
iroXXov av 7T0L7]aaLfjL7]v airaai yvcoptfid 7ra)? ravra 
yevecrOai, Bton virepirXovrw • dyyovrj yap av rb 
TrpaypLa yevoiro avrois. /cairoi rl rovro ; cfrev rov 
rdyovs. iravrayoQev avvOeovac KeKovi/xevoc /cal 

15 rrvevanoivre^y ov/c olBa odev ba^paivofjuevoL rov 
ypvaiov. rrbrepov ovv eirl rov irdyov rovrov dvafia<$ 
drzeXavvca avrovs rot? XiOois ef virepBe^iwv d/cpo- 
/3o\l%6/jl€VO<;, rj ro ye rocrovrov rrapavop,r]crw\xev 
eladrra^ avrol^ ojjLLKrjaavre^, ft)? rrXeov dvicovrat, 

20 vTrepoptofievoL ; rovro olpuai Kal a/jueivov. ware 
Be^dy/ieOa rjBrj avrovs viroardvre^. (pep* iBco, t/? o 
TrpwTo? avrcov ovrb<; eon ; Tva6wviBr)$ 6 KoXatj, 6 
nrp(pr]v epavov alrijaavrl fioo operas rbv ftpbyov, 
iriOovs o\ov<$ Trap* e/xol 7ro\\a/a? e/nrj/jie/ccos. aXX' ev 

25 ye errolrjGev 7rpcoro<; dcfuKOfxevos • olfico^erac yap irpb 
rcov dXXcov. 

TNA0. Ov/c eyft) eXeyov, &)? ov/c dfjLeXrjcrovori, 46 
TlfjLoovo? dyaOov dvBpbs 01 Qeol ; %aipe Tl/jlcov 
evfiopcfrbrare /cal rjBtare Kal avjuarorLKcorare. 

30 TIM, NrjBl Kal av ye t ft) TvaOcaviBr], yvircbv 



-48.] TIM&N. 55 

airdvrcov ftopcoTare Kal dvQpcoirwv eiziTpi'KTo- 
rare. 

TNAQ. 'Ael <pi\o(TKO)/jifi(ov av ye. dXXa ttov to 
avfiiroacov ; &>? kclivov tl croc aafia tu>v veoBiBaKTWv 
Bt,0vpdfi/3(j)V tjkco KOfiifav. s 

TIM. Kal firjv^ eXeyeld ye aay fidXa 7repi7ra0co^ 
virb ravrrj rfj BiKeXXrj. 

TNAQ. Ti tovto ; iraleLS, w Tl/jlcov ; fiaprv- 
pofiat. a) 'HpaKkei^, lov lov, 7rpoaKaXodfial ae 
Tpavfiaros eh ' ' Apeiov irdyov. 10 

TIM. Kal /jlt)v av ye fiiKpbv en fipaBvvys, (frovov 
Taya TrpoaKeKXrjaofiai. 

TNA&. Mriha/iw^' dXXa av ye irdvTW^ to 
rpavfia Xaaai fiiKpbv eiriirdaa^ tov ypvaiov. Betvots 
yap Xayatfibv ecrri to fydpfiaKov. 15 

TIM. ''Ere yap fieveu^ ; 

TNAQ. " A-neifii' av Be ov xaiprjaeis ovroy aKatbs 
etc xprjcrTov yevofievo^. 

47 TIM. TV? ovto<; ecTTiv 6 7rpo<rL(i)v, 6 dva(j)aXav- 
Tias ; ^cXtdSr]^, koXukcov dirdvrwv 6 fiBeXvpcoTaros. 20 
ovtos Be dypbv bXov irap ifiov Xaficbv fcal rfj 
Ovyarpl irpolica Bvo rdXavra, fitaObv tov eirai- 
vov, oirore acravrd fie irdvrwv atwTrcovTcov fiovos 
virepeirfiveaev eirofioadfievos cpBi/cooTepcv elvai tojv 
kvkvwv, eireiByf voaovvra irp(pr]v elBe fie Kal 25 
irpoarjXSov eiriKovpias Beofievos, 7rXr)yds yevvalos 
irpocreveTeivev. 

48 <&IA. ,v /2 tt}? dvaio-xyvTias. vvv Tificova yvco- 
pi^ere ; vvv TvaOwviBrfs tyiXos Kal avfiTroTrj? ; 
Toiyapovv BUaia ireirovOev 01/T&)? dydpiaTO% cov. 30 



56 AOTKIANOT [48 

rjfiels Be ol irdXai ^vvifiei^ Kal ]~vvecf)r]/3oL teal 
B^jxoTai o/zeo? fxerpid^ofiev, &)? /xr] eiTLiTrjBdv BoKchfiev. 
yaipe, cl> BeairoTa, Kal ottcos tov? fitapovs tovtovs 
fc6\a/ca<$ (j)vXd£r), tou9 eirl tt}? rpaire^r}^ /jlovov 
5 cjuXovs, tcl ciXXa Be Kopd/ccov ovBev BLacfrepovTas. 
ovfeero iTLarevrea tcov vvv ovBevi' irdvTe^ dydpLCTTOi 
Kal 7rov7)po[. iyco Be TaXavTOv croi ko/jll^cdv, <w? 
e^oi? 7rpo? tcl Kareireiyovra yprjaOaL, KacJ 6Bbv i]Br) 
ttXtjctlov rj/covara, <w? ttXovtoltjs vireppLeyeOrf tlvcl 

10 ttXovtov. rjfcco Toiyapovv ravrd ere vovQeTr\acov 
kclitoi ax) ye ovrco aocpb<; c%v ovBev ictcds Setjcrrj tcov 
Trap e/jLod Xoycov, o? Kal tw Nearopi to Beov 
nrapaiveaeia^ av. 

TIM. "EaTai TavTa, go QuXLaBrj. irXrjv dXXa 

is irpoaiOi • Kal ere cpLXocppovtfcrofiaL tj) St/ceWr). 

<&IA. "AvOpwiroi, Kajeaya tov Kpaviov virb tov 
d%apL(TTOV, Biotl tcl o-v/jL(j)epovTa evovdeTovv avTOV. 

TIM. 'IBov TpiTOs ovtos prjTcop Arffxeas TTpocj- 49 
epyeTai yjrrj(j)LafJLa eycov iv tj} Be^Lct Kal avyyevrj? 

20 fjfjLeTepos eivaL Xeycov. ovtos e/cKal8efca Trap 1 e/jLov 
TaXavTa fJLLcis rjfiepas i/cricra? tj} iroXei — tcaTe- 
BeBiKaaTO yap Kal eBeBeTO ovk a7roStSoy?, Kayco 
iXerjaa? iXvadfirjv avTov — eireiBr] irpcoyv eXaye 
tt) 'EpeyOijcBL (f>vXfj Biave/jLetv to OecopiKov Kaycb 

25 7rpocrrjX0ov aWcov to yLvofievov, ovk e<pr) yvcopi^eiv 
ttoXltt]v ovTa fie. 

AHM. Xalpe, cly Tificov, to fieya ocfieXos tov 50 
yevovs, to epeLcrfia tcov AOrjvaicov, to 7rp6$Xr\iLa 
t?}? 'EXXdBos' Kal ixt]v irdXai ere 6 Brj/io<; £vvet- 

30 Xey\xevo<$ Kal al /3ovXal d/ACpoTepac TrepL^evovai. 



-5i] TIMttiV. $7 

nrporepov Be clkovgov to yfrr/cj) tafia, o virep aov 
yeypa(f>a' " ^EiretBr] Ttpcov 6 'E-^efcpartBov Ko\- 
Xvrevs, avrjp ov puovov Ka\b<; fcdyaOos, aWa Kal 
<ro(f)b<; &>? ovk aXkos ev rrj 'EWdBt, irapd irdvra 
yj>bvov BtareXel rd dptcrra irpdrrcov rfj iroXet, s 
vevlfcrjfce Be irv^ Kal irdXrjv Kal Bpo/xov ev 'OXvp-irla 
Illcls rjfjiepas Kai reXeup dp/iari, Kal avvcoplBc 

7TO)\.LK7) — ' 

TIM. *AX)C ovBe i0€O)p7]<ja eyco 7tco7tot6 et? 
'OXv par lav. io 

AHM. Tl ovv ; Oecoprjo-eis varepov rd roiavra 
Be iroWa irpoo-KelaOai a/ieivov. " Kal rjpiarevae Be 
virep rfj^ 7roXeo)? irepvcrt 7rpo? ' Ayapvals Kal /care- 
fcoyjre HeXoirovvrja iwv Bvo popas — " 
51 TIM. JJw? ; Bed yap to purj eyeiv oirka ovBe 15 
7rpovypd(f)r}v ev tg3 KaraXoyw. 

AHM. Merpia rd irepl aavrov Xeyeis, rjpueU Be 
dydpiGTOi dv etrj^iev dpLvqpovovvre^. " en Be Kal 
tyj](f)io-paTa ypd(j)cov Kal ^vpb/3ov\evcov Kal o-TparTj- 
ya>v ov pbLKpa a)cf>e\r)o-e ttjv itoXiv ' eirl tovtols 20 
diracn BeB6-)(6oi rfj {3ov\f} Kal tco BrjpL(p Kal rfj 
'HXiaia, Kara <pv\d<; Kal rot? Bigots IBta Kal kocvj} 
iracri y^pVGOvv dvaaTrjaai rbv Tl/icova irapa rrjv 
'AOrjvav ev rrj aKpoiroXet Kepavvbv ev rfj Sefjia 
eyovra Kal aKrlvas eirrd eirl rfj Ke(f>a\fj Kal 25 
o~Te<\>av(hcrai aurbv ^pvcroU crrecfrdvoLS Kal dva- 
Krjpv^Orjvai rovs aTecfrdvovs rrjfiepov Aiovvcriois 
rpaywSoLS Kacvols' — d-^Orjvai yap Bl avrbv Bel 
TJJ/jiepov rd Aiovvaia — eiire ~r\v yv(£>p.r\v A-qpLeas 
ptfrcop, crvyyevris avrov dy-fciarevs Kal pLadrjrrjs cov 30 



58 AOTKIANOT [51 

Kal yap prjTWp dpicrro^ Tifxcov Kal tcl aXXa 
Trdvra oirocra av i6eXrj." rovrl puev ovv aoi to 52 
yjn](j>ta/ia. iyo) Be Kal rbv vlbv eftovXo/irjv dyayelv 
irapd ae, ov eirl t&3 crS ovopban Tt/icova oovbfiaKa. 
5 TIM. I7w?, a) Arjpbia, 6? ovEe yeydpLrjtcas, oaa 
ye Kal rjpLa<; elhevai ; 

AHM. 'AXXa yapico, rjv EcSS deos, e'9 vecora Kal 
iraihoiTQir)<Jopuai Kal to yevvrjOrjao/jbevov — dppev yap 
eorai — Tip^cova T/St] KaXco. 
10 TIM. Ou/c olBa, el yapLets en, w ovtos, Tr\XiKavTT)V 
Trap epbov irXrjy-qv Xafifidvcov. 

AHM. Olpboi ' tl tovto ; Tvpavvihi, Tlpwv, 

ewL^eipet^ /cal Tvirreis tovs eXevdepovs ov Kadapco? 

eXevOepos ov& avrbs wv ; aXXa Sucrecs ev rd^ec 

is tt)v Si/crjv rd re aXXa Kal on tt)v aKpoiroXiv 

eveirprjcras. 

TIM. 'AXX* ovk ip J 7reirp7)o'Tai, 0) paape, r) d/cpo- 53 
7toXl<;' coare SrjXos el crvKo(pavT(ov. 

AHM. 'AXXa /cal 7rXovreis rbv 6irio~6b§opLov 
20 Stopv^as. 

TIM. Ov Sicupv/crai, ovSe ovto<;' (bare diriQavd 
gov /cal Tama. 

AHM. Aiopv^OrjaeTaL puev vo~Tepov rfii) he o~v 
TrdvTa tcl ev avTcp e^et?. 
25 TIM. Ov/covv /cal ciXXrjv Xdpufiave. 

AHM. OipLOL TO pbeTd(j)p€VOV. 

TIM. Mr) iceicpayQi " KaTolaco yap aoi Kal 

TpiTrjv • eirel Kal yeXola irdfnrav av nrdOoipu Bvo 

jjuev AaKeSac/jLovicov fjubpas KaTaKo^a^ avoirXos, ev 

30 Se fuapbv dv0pd)7riov pur) eTTLTpL-^ras' pbaTrjv yap dv 



-55] TIMQN. 59 

54 eir\v Kal v€VtK7)fcco<; 'OXv/ATria ttv£ Kal ira\7]v. dXXa 
tl rovro ; ov &pao-VKXrj$ 6 cfrtXocrocfros ovtos icrrcv ; 
ov fiev ovv aWos* iKirerdaa^ yovv tov ircoycova 
Kal ra? ocppvs avareivas Kal ftpevOvofievos to 7rpo? 
avTov epxerai, TCTavcoSes (BXeirwv, dvaaecroftr) fievos s 
tt\v eirl rep fiercoTTO) KOfJLrjv, AvToftopea? Tt? ff 
TpcTcov, oi'ovs 6 " Zev^is eypayfrev. ovtos 6 to 
Gyr)\ia evo-TaXrjs Kal koct/jllo^ to /3dSco-fMa Kal 
a(o(f>povcKb<; Trjv dva/3oXr]v ecodev /juvpia oaa irepl 
ap€TY}s Sie^icov Kal tojv rjSovfj yaipovToav tcciTrjyopcov io 
Kal to oXiyapKe? iiracvcov, eTrecSr) Xovadpuevo^ 
d(j)LKOiTO eirl t6 helirvov Kal 6 iral? /jbeydXrjv ttjv 
KvXiKa ope^eiev avTu> — too ^wpoTepw Be ^aipec 
fjbdXiaTa — KaOdirep to Arjdr]<; vScop eKirtoyv ivav- 
TCcoTaTa eTriheiKPVTai, tols ecoOtvocs eKeivois Xoyocs 13 
Trpoapird^wv cocrirep Iktlvo? tcl o\jra Kal tov ttX^giov 
7rapayKCQvi£6/jLevos, KapvKr\^ to yevecov avdirXeoos, 

KVVT)86v €fX(f)OpOV/jL€VOS, €TTlK€KV(f)d)<;, Ka6dlT6p 6V Tat? 

Xoirdai tt)v dpsTrjv evprjcreiv 7rpoo-8oKa)i>, aKpi(3co<$ 
Ta TpvftXca Tea Xc^avS diroafi^^wv, go? fir/Se oXiyov 20 
55 tov /xuttcotov KaTaXiToi. /xefi-^rifiotpo^ del, kclv 
tov irXaKovvTa bXov rj tov avv jtiwo? tu>v ciXXcov 
\d(Sr) rj 6 ti irep Xc^veta^ Kal d7rXr)o-Tia$ oc£e/Vo?, 
fiiOvcros Kal irdpoivo^, ovk d^pi coS>5<? Kal op^rjaTVo^ 
fjbovov, dXXa Kal XoiSopia? Kal 6pyr)s. TrpoaeTi Kal 25 
Xoyou iroXXol eVl tj} kvXlkl, tot6 Srj Kal /jLaXccrTa, 
7T€pl acoeppocrvvrjs Kal Koo-fiiOTr]TO<; • Kal Tamd 
(J)t]o-lv rjhr) biro tov aKpaTov irovrjptos eywv Kal 
V7roTpavXi£(0v ysXolcos' eiTa €[i6Tos eirl tovtoc 1 ;' 
Kal to TeXevTalov dpdfievoi Tives €K(pepovacv avTov 3° 



60 AOTKIANOT [55 

i/c tov avfiirocriov t?}? avXr)TplBo<$ dfifyoTepais 
eireiXrffjbfievov. irXrjv dXXa ical vrjcj^cov ovBevl tcov 
irpcoTeioov irapa^copijaeiev av -^revcrfiaTO^ eveica rj 
6pao-urr)Tog rj ifiiXapyvpias' dXXa ical koXclkcdv iarl 
5 to, irpcora ical iiTLop/ceL Trpo^eiporaTa, ical r) yorjrela 
7rpor)<yeLTcu ical r) avaMiyyvTia irapofiapTel, fcal 6'Aft>? 
7rdvcro<p6v tl yjprjfxa ical iravTayoQev aKpij3e<$ ical 
TroiiciXws ivreXes* olfioo^eTat Toiyapovv ov/c eh 
fiaicpdv xprjaros tov. tl tovto ; irairal, %povio<; 

10 r)fuv ©paavfcXr)^. 

©PAS. Ov Kara ravrd, 00 Tlficov, tols iroXXoh 56 
toutols d(fciyfiai, coorwep 01 tov ttXovtov o~ov Tedrj- 
Trores dpyvptov ical %pvo~iov ical BetTrvoov iroXvTeXoov 
eXiriBi crvvBeBpafirj/cao-i, iroXXr)v rr)v KoXaiceiav 

15 enriBei^ofievoi nrpbs avBpa olov ere ciTrXolicbv ical tcov 
ovtcov kolvcovl/cov. olaOa yap go? fid^a fiev ifiol 
Belirvov l/cavov, oyfrov Be rfBuarTov Ovfiov r) icdpBafiov 
rj el irore rpvtfxprjv, bXiyov tcov dXcov irorbv Be 
r) evveaicpovvos • 6 Be rplftwv ovtos 77? (SovXev 

20 7rop(f>vpiBos dfielvcov. to %pvcriov fiev yap ovBev 
TtfJbtooTepov tcov ev tols alyiaXoh -^rr)$lBoov fioi Boicei* 
aov Be avrou %dpiv iorrdXrjv, ft)? fir) Bcacpdelprj ae to 
kuklcttov tovto koi eiriftovXoTaTov KTrjfia 6 ttXovtos, 
6 ttoXXols 7roXXdfci$ acTios dvrj/cecTTcov crv/Mpopcov 

25 yeyevrjfievos' el ydp fiot, ireiQoio, fidXcaTa fiev bXov 
e? Tr)v SdXaTTav efi(3aXeh avTov ovBev dvaytcalov 
dvBpl dyaOoo ovti ical tov <f>iXocro(f)ia<; ttXovtov bpdv 
Bwapuevw' fir) fievTOi e? ftdOos, coyaOe, dXX oaov e? 
(3ovj3oova<; eire/jiffa? bXiyov irpb Tr)<; KVfxaTcoyr)*; ifiov 

30 opcovTOS fiovov el Be fir) tovto fiovXeu, av Be dXXov 57 



-58.] TIM.QX. 6 1 

TpoTrov dfieivco Kara, ra^os i/ccpopijcrov avrbv Ik rfjs 
ol/cias fi7)& ofioXbv aavrco dveis, BiaBiBov? diracri 
tols BeofAevocs, d> fiev irevre Bpay^fid^, &> Be p,vav, co 
Be rj/jLiraXavTov el Be tls (£t\6cro<£o? el'r), Bifiocplav 
rj TpLjxoLpiav cf>epecrOac Bitcaios • e'/xot Be — Kalroc 5 
ovk ifjuavrov ydpiv alrco, dXX! 07tg)? fieraBco rcov 
eralpwv tols Beop.evocs — Uavbu el ravrrjvl r^v 
Trjjpav e/c7r\?;cra? irapdcryois ovBe oXovs Bvo fieBi- 
fivov? yoipovcrav Alyivr\TiKov$. oXcyapKrj Be ical 
fierpcov xprf elvat rbv (^iXoao^ovvra Kal pir}Bev virep 10 
ttjv irrjpav (f>povelv. 

TIM. 'EiraLvco ravrd aov, co QpaavKXei^' rrpb 
8' ovv tt)? 7n}pa<;, el 80/cel, <f)epe aoc rr]v Ke^aXrjv 
ifATrXyjcrco kovBvXcov eirLpLerpi^cra^ rfj Bi/ceXXy. 

GPAZ. ^12 BrjfjLOKpaTta /cal vofioc, TraLOfieOa virb 15 
rod Karapdrov ev eXevOepa rfj irbXet. 

TIM. Ti dyavafCTeis, wyaOe ; /xcov re irapa- 
fcefcpovcrp,aL ere ; teal firjv eVe/i/SaXco -^oiviKas vrrep 
58 to fierpov rerrapa<;. dXXa ri rovro ; 7roX\ol 
%vvep-%ovrai' BXeyjriag eKelvos ica\ Ad%rjs Kal 20 
Tvt^xov /cal bXov rb avvray/xa rcov olfxco^opLevwv. 
ware ri ovk errl r^v rrerpav ravrrjv dveXOcbv rr]v 
[iev BitceXXav bXlyov dvarravco rrdXai irerrovqKvtav, 
avrbs Be on TrXeio-Tovs XiOovs ^v/Kpopyjcras eiriya- 
Xa^co rr6ppo)0ev avrovs ; 25 

BAEW. Mr] ftdXXe, a> Ti/jlcov diriyuev ydp. 

TIM. 'AX)C ovk dvaLjjLcovTL ye v/xeU ovBe avev 
rpavfidrcov. 



0EQN AIAAOrOI. 



1. (7.) 

H3>AI2T0Y KAI AnOAAONOS. 

H$. 'Ecopafcas, co "AiroXXov, to tt)$ Mala? 1 
/3p€CJ)o<; to apTL T6^6ev ; &>? KaXbv t4 £ctti Kal 
irpocrixeihia iracri Kal SrjXol rjSrj fxeya tl ayadbv 

aTTOJ37]a6fJb€VOV. 

s ATI. 'E/cecvo to ftpicpos, co " HcfrcuaTe, rj /xeya 
ayadov, b tov ^laireTov TrpecrfivTepov icrTiv ocrov 
iirl ttj iravovpyia ; 

H$. Kal tl av aSifcrjcrat SvvatTO apTiTOKov ov ; 

All. 'EpcoTa tov IIoa-eiDcovay ov TTjv Tpiaivav 

io eicketyev, rj tov "Apr]' Kal tovtov yap i^elX/cvcre 

XaObv etc tov KoXeov to £/<£o?, %va fir) i/juavTov 

Xeyco, bv a^coirXiae tov to^ov Kal tcov fteXcov. 

H<!>. To veoyvbv TavTa, b fjuoXw eo-TrjKe, to ev 2 
toIs cnrapydvois ; 
is All. Elarj, co " Hj)aicTT€, rjv croc TrpocriXOrj 

fJLOVOV. 

H<l>. Kal [irjv 7rpoarjX0ev rjSrj. 
ATI. Tl ovv ; irdvTa e%et? to, ipyaXeta Kal 
ovSev airoXcoXev avTcov ; 



OE.QN AlAAOrOI. 1. 117 

H$. Uavra, w "AttoXXov. 

All. "O/jlcds iiricTKe^ai afcpifta)?. 

H<P. Ma Ala, ttiv irvpdypav ov% opco. 

All. AW? 6\jret 7rov iv roi<; airapydvois avrrjv 
tov (Bpefyovs. 5 

H$. Outcos b^vj^eip icrrl KaOdirep iv rfj yacrrpl 
eKfjLeXerrjcras rrjv KXeTTTtKijv ; 

ATI. Ov yap 7]K0V(ra<; avrov Kal XoXovvtos 
yBr) <TTG)fjLv\a Kal iiriTpoya' 6 Be Kal BiaKOvelaQai 
rjfjilv eOeXei. %#e? Be irpOKaXeadpievos tov "Epwra 10 
KaTeirakaiaev ev6v$ ovk oiB' ottois IxpeXcov to> 
7r6Be' elra fjuera^u iiraivoviievos t% A^poBiTti^ 
fiev tov. Kearbv eKXeyjre 7rpoo~7TTv%a{ievr]$ avrbv eirl 
rfj vlktj, rod Aib<$ Be yeXcovTos ere, rb aKrJ7rrpov 
el Be fir) /3apvrepo<; 6 Kepavvbs rjv Kal iroXv to irvp 15 
el^e, KtiKelvov av v(f>elXeTO. 

H$. Topyov nva tov iralBa </>#?. 

ATI. Ov fibvov, dXX! 7]Btj Kal fiovaiKOv. 

H<P. Tco tovto TeKfiaipeaOai e^et? ; 

ATI. XeXcovrjv ttov veKpav evpaiv opyavov air 20 
avTTjs crvveirrj^aTO ■ Trry^et? yap ivap/iocras Kal 
£vycocra<;, eireiTa KoXXdftovs i/nrrj^as Kal jiaydBa 
VTrodeU Kal evTeivd/jLevos eirTa %opBa<i ifieXa>Bei, 
irdvv yXaifivpov, w " H(fraio~Te, Kal ivapfibviov, ox; 
Ka/ie avTco cfrdoveiv irdXat KiOapl^eiv dcrKovvTa. 25 
eXeye Be rj Mala, go? firjBe fievoi tcls vvKTas iv 
tg3 ovpavq), aAX' vtto irepiepyias ct^pt tov aBov 
KaTLOt, KXeyjrcov tl KaKeWev BrjXaBrj. vTrbiTTepos 
& icrTl Kal pdftBov Tivd TreiroiTiTai Oavfiaalav Tr\v 
Bvva/iiv, fi ^v^ayooyel Kal KaTayei tqvs veKpovs. 30 



Ii8 AOTKIANOT 

JET<£. Eyu> i/c€LV7]v eBcoKa avrco iraiyviov elvac. 

ATI. Toiyapovv direBcoKe gov tov /JuaOov, ttjv 
nrvpdypav — 

JET<£. Ev ye VTre/jLvi] era?' cocrre ftaBiov/jLai airo- 
s Xrjijro/jLevos avTrjv, el irov a>? fyrjs evpe6elr} ev tois 
o-irapydvois. 



2. (13.) 
AI02, A2KAHIII0Y KAI HPAKAEOY2. 

ZET2. TIavcracrOe, Si ' Acnckrjirie Kal 'HpdfckeLs, 1 
epL&vres irpos dXXrjXovs coenrep avdpwiroi' dirpeirr) 
yap ravra Kal dXXoTpia tov crvfXTrocriov tcov 
6eS)v. 
5 HP A. 'AXXd eOeXeis, a> Zev, tovtovI tov <f>ap- 
/na/cia irpOKaraKXlveaOal fiov ; 

ASK. Nrj Ala' /cal dfieivcov yap el/me. 

HP A. Kara ti, cb e/jLJ3p6vT7)Te ; r) Bioti o~e 6 
Zev$ e/cepavvcocrev a fir) deputy iroiovvra, vvv Be tear 
io eXeov avOis aOavacrlas /jueTeLXr](f>a<; ; 

ASK. 'Eirikekrio-aL yap Kal av, a> 'Hpd/cXeis, 
ev rjj Olrrj KaratyXeyeLs, ore puoc oveiBi^ei? to 
irvp ; 

HP A. Ovkovv icra /cal ofjuoia (Befiiwrai rj/nlv, b? 

15 A los p>ev mo? elp,i, Toaavra Be TreiTovr\Ka eKKaOalpwv 

tov filov, Orjpla KarayccvL^ofxevos Kal dvdpco7rov<; 

v/3picrTa<; Tip,copovpLevo<; • av Be pc^OTOfios el Kal 

ayvpTTjs, voaoven fiev tacos dvOpcoirois %p7]cnp,o<; 



OEQN AIAAOrOI. 2. 3. 119 

eiriQr]o-eiv twv c^ap/iaKcov, dvBpcjBes Be ovBev 
e7riBeBeiyfievo^. 

AUK. Ev \ey €(,<;, otl erov tcl iy/cav/iara lacrd- 
fjirjv, ore irpcf>r]v dvrjXOes i)pii($)XeicTOs vir dp(f>otv 
8ie(f)6apfAevo$ to crcofxa, fcal rod ^ltcovos kclL fxera 5 

TOVTO TOV TTVpOS' ijO) Be €L KCU flTjBev aXXo, 0VT6 

eBovXevcra ooairep crv ovre etjacvov epia ev AvBiq 
irop^vpiBa evBeBv/ccos /cat Traio/Aevos vito r?}? O/i- 
(fzaXrjs xpvcro) cravBdXo), dXXd ovBe fieXay")(oXr]aa^ 
cureKTeiva ra reicvcL /cai tt)v yvval/ca. ic 

HP A. El fir] iravcrr) \ocBopovfievd<; fioi, avri/ca 
fidXa eicrrj co? ov ttoXv ere ovr/crei v\ dOavaala, eV.et 
dpdpLevos ere pl^co eirl xecpaXyv e'/c rod ovpavov, 
Mcrre fi7]8e rbv Uacodva IdaaaOai ere to Kpaviov 
avvTpifievTa. «5 

ZET2. TLavaao-Oe, (pr/pui, /cal fiif eiriTapaTTeTe 
r/puv ttjv ^vvovcriav, rj dpufiorepovs diroirepL^ropiaL 
v/ias tov tjv/jLTrocriov. KdiTOt evyvcopov, d> 'Hpa/cXec?, 
TTpoKaTaKXiveaQal crov tov ' 'Aa kXt]tt lov OLTe teal 
irpoTepov diroOavovTa. 20 



3. (19.) 

A<£POAITH5 KAI EPfiTOS. 

1 A$P. Ti BijiroTe, co "Epoos, tovs fxev aXXovs 

0eov<; fcaTTjycQVLcra} airavTas, tov Ala, tov Hoo-ecBw, 
tov 'AttoXXw, tijv 'Peav, e/xe ttjv fir)Tepa, /j,6vt]<; Be 



120 AOTKIANOT 

direyrj t?}? *A6r)vds real err izceivr]*; airvpo? jiev col 
r) Sa?, reevr) he olarcov r) (paperpa, au he aro^o<; el 
real acnoyos ; 

EP. Aehia, co firjrep, avrrjv cfioftepa yap ecrri 

5 real yapoirr) real heivcos dvhpirer) ■ birbrav yovv 

evreivdpievos to to^ov I'co €tt avTTjv, eiriaelovaa 

rbv \6(f)ov ifC7r\?]TT6i pue real vTrorpopios yivofiai real 

diroppel fiov tcl To^ev/iara ire rcov yeiptov. 

A<PP. ( "Apr)? jap ov cfjoftepcorepos r)v ; real 

10 o/acos acpcoTrXtcras avrbv real vevirerj/eas. 

EP. *AWd ereelvos etecov nrpoaieral /me real 
irpocrKaXeirai, r) ^AOrjva he vcftopdrai del, real ttot€ 
eyco fiev aXXco? irapeiTTriv nrXrjaiov €^cov rr)v 
\apardha, r) he, El (Jlol irpbcrei, c\>T)o~i, vr) rbv 

15 irarepa, rco hoparlco cre hiairelpacra r) rov 7rohb<; 
\af3opbevrj real e? rbv Tdprapov epftaXovcra r) 
avrr) hiacnraaa/jievr) SiacpOepco. TroXXa roiavra 
7]7reL\rjcre' real opa he hpipiv real eirl rov crrjOovs 
€X 6t 'TT p oct coir 6v ti cf)o(3epbv eylhvai^ reardreopLov, 

20 oirep iyco fidXicrra hehta' fioppoXt/rrerac ydp fie 
real cf>evyco, orav ihco avrb. 

A$P. 'AWa rr)v puev ''AOrjvav hehias, co? c/>#?, 
real tt\v Topyova, real ravra pur) cfroftrjdels top 
reepavvbv rov Aibs. at Be Movcrai Sid tl croi 

25 drpcoroi real e^co /3e\cov elaiv ; r) redfeeivai \ocf)ovs 
eiricreiovai real Topyova? irpo^aivovcriv ; 

EP. Alhovpai avrds, co p,rJTep ' cre/ival <ydp 
elcri real del ti cppovri^ovai leal nrepl cohrjv eyovai 
real iyco irap'iGTa/iai TroWdreis avrais K7J\ovfievo<; 

30 V7rb rov /xeXof?. 



GEQN AlAAOrOL 3. I 121 

A$P. "Ea Kal Tavras, on aefival' rr)v Be 
"Aprefziv rlvos eveica ov nrpcocrKeL^ ; 

EP. To fiev oXov ovBe KaraXaftelv avrr)v olov 
re cfrevyovcrav del Bed rcov bpcov elra Kal lBlov rcva 
epcora t)Bt] epa. 5 

A$P. Tlvos, co reicvov ; 

EP. Grfpas Kal iXdcpcov Kal veftpcov, alpelv re 
BccoKovaa Kal Kararotjevetv, Kal oXcos 7rpo? tco 
roiovrco early • errel rov ye dBeXcfibv avrrj<;, Kalroi 
ro^orrjv Kal avrbv ovra Kal eK7j/36Xov — ic 

A$P. OlBa, co reKvov, rroXXd eKelvov erotjevcras. 



4. (2L) 

APEQ2 KAI EPMOY. 

A P. "HKovaas, co 'Epfir), ola rjirelXr^crev i)pZv 
Zev$, co? vTrepoTTTLKa Kal co? diriOava ; *Hv 
edeXi)aco, <f>r)crlv, eycb p,ev 4k rod ovpavov aeipdv 
Ka6i]aw, v/jLeis Be drroKpefiacrOevre^ Karaarrdv (Bid- 15 
aeaOe fie, dXXa fjbdrrjv irovqaere ' ov yap Br) 
KadeXKverere' el Be eycb 6eXr)o-aifii dveXKvaai, ov 
jjlovov v/ias, dXXa Kal rr)v yrjv a/ia Kal rr)v 
OdXarrav avvaprrjcra^ fierecoptco ' Kal raXXa Baa 
Kal crv dKi)Koa<;. eycb Be on /xev Ka0' eva rrdvrcov 20 
dfjieivcov Kal Icr^vporepo^ icrriv ovk dv dpvrjOelrjv' 
6/iov Be rcov roaovrcov V7rep<f>epeiv, co? /xrj Kara- 
7rovijaeiv avrov, Kav rr)v yrjv Kav rr)v OdXarrav 
rrpoaXd^co/iev, ovk dv rreLadeLrjv. 



122 AOTKIANOT QE&N AlAAOrOI. 4. 

EPM. Evtyrj/Aeiy a> *Ape<s • ov yap ao-(f)aXe$ 
Xeyecv ra roiavra, fjurj kcli ri kclkov airoXava-wfxev 
ttjs (f>Xvapia<;. 

AP. Otet yap fie 7T/30? rrdvra^ av ravra el^elv, 

5 ov)(l Se 7rpo? fiovov ere, bv eyefivQelv rjTrtardfirjv ; 

b 8' ovv fidXtcrra yeXolov eSojje fioi clkovovti fiera^v 

t% direcXr)^, ovk av hvvai\n)v ai(07rrjcraL 7rpb<; ae' 

fiefivrjfiao yap ov nrpo ttoXXov, oirore 6 IloaeiScov 

teal r) e/ Hpa /cal r) ^AOrjva eiravacrrdvre^ eire^ovXevov 

10 o-vvhrjaau Xafiovres avrov, a>? wavrolo^ rjv BeSicos, 

Kal ravra rpeh ovras, ical el ye fir] r) &ert<; 

KareXerjaaaa e/cdXeaev avrS avfifiayov Bpcdpecov 

eKaroyyeipa ovra, kclv eSeBero [av] avrS KepavvQi 

[/cal ftpovrff\. ravra Xoyi^ofievcp e7rrjei fioi yeXav 

15 eirl ry /caXXipprjfiocrvvr) avrov. 

EPM. Sicorra, (fry/ii* ov yap aacfiaXes ovre aol 
Xeyeiv ovr ifiol dicoveiv ra roiavra. 



ENAAIOI AIAAOFOL 



1. (2.) 
KYKAMIOS KAI nOSEIAfiNOS. 

KTK. */2 irdrep, ola rreirovQa viro rov Kara" 
pdrov %evov, o? fiedvcras €^erv(f)\cocre p>e KOipuw^evco 
eiriyeipr}aa<$. 

110%. TY<? Be tjv 6 ravra ToXfjurjcras, ay UoXv- 
<t>lP<e ; s 

KTK.. To fxev irpairov Ovriv avrov direKaXet, 
iirel Be Bte(f>vye kclL e^co tjv fiekovs, 'OSfcrcreu? 
ovopid^ecrOat e<pr). 

TIOX. OlBa ov \iyeis, rbv ^IOa/cijaiov e£ 'IXlov 
S' dveirXei. dXXa 7rw? ravra eirpaijev ovBe irdvv io 
evOapo-rjs cov ; 

KTK. KareXaffov ev ru> avrpw dirb rr)s vofxri^ 
dvacrrpk^fa^ nroXXovs rivas, e7n(3ovXevovras BrjXov 
on rots ttol/jlvlol^' iirel <yap erreOrjica rfj Ovpa ro 
rrco/Jia — rrkrpa Be icrrc irafifieyeOrj^ — real ro irvp 15 
dveicavaa evavad/juevo^ b e<f)epov BevBpov diro rod 
opovs, e<j>dvr)crav dirofcpvirrecv avrovs rreip(£>\xevoi* 
iyeb Be avXXa/3cov rtvas avrojv, coairep etVo? rjv, 



124 AOTKIANOT 

/carecfiayov Xrjard^ ye ovras. evravOa 6 iravovpyb" 
raros ifcelvos, elre Ovris elre OBvo-aev<; rjv, SlScoaL 
fioi irielv (pdp/jLdKOv n ey^ea?, r)$v puev teal evoo-puov, 
eiri(3ovXbrarov he ical rapa^coheararov ' diravra 
5 yap evdvs iSb/ceo pboi rrepifykpeaQai itiIvtl ical to 
crirrfKaiov avrb dvearpe(f>ero ical ov/cerc oXcos ev 
ifjbavTOu r)\xr\v, reXos 8e e? virvov icarecr7rdo~6r)v. 
6 he diro^vvas rov pLO%Xbv ical irvpwaas ye rrpocreri 
erv^Xoocre pue icaOevSovra, /cat drr i/celvov rvtyXo? 

io el/JLL cot, a) Ubaeuhov. 

UO%. f /2? fiaOvv e/coifJbrjOT]?, w reicvov, o? ovk 
i^edopes pueraijv rvcpXovpuevos. 6 8' ovv 'OSvacrevs 
7Tco? Bie(j>vyev ; ov yap av ev oIS' on r/SvvrjOr) 
diroKivr]o-ai ryv irerpav euro t% 6vpa<$. 

is KTK. 'AXX* eyeb dcpecXov, o>? pcdXXov avrbv 
\d/3ocfjLt e^ibvra, ical KaOiaas irapd rr)v Ovpav 
iOrjpcov t<x? %elpa<; e/cirerdoa^, pibva irapels to, 
rrpbftara e? rrjv vopurjv, ivrecXapuevos ra> fcpid) oirbaa 
e^prjv irpdrreiv avrbv virep epuov. 

20 1102. Mavddvco' vir e/ceivots eXaOov v7re^eX- 
dovres' o~e Be rovs aXXovs KvicXwiras eBei eiriftor)- 
crao-dai, err avrbv. 

KTK. ^vveicdXeaa, c5 irdrep, teal tjkov • eirel 
Be rjpovro rov e7TL(3ovXevovro<? rovvofia rcdyco e<pr)v 

25 on Ovris eari, pueXay^oXdv olrjOevres pie oj^ovro 
dirtovres. ovrco icareao<plaarb pue 6 tcardparos rS 
ovopuarc. ical b pudXiara rjvlacre pie, ore teal 
oveiBi^cov epuol rrjv o~vpL(j>opdv, OvBe 6 irarrjp y (prjalv, 
6 JJoo-ecBoov Idcrerai o~e. 

30 UOX. Odppei, &> re/cvov dpbvvovp>ai yap avrbv s 



ENAAI01 AIAAOrOL 1. 2. 125 

co? fidOr) on, real el 7njp(ocrlv fMot ofyOaXficov laaOau 
ahvvarov, ra yovv twv irXeovTcov [to aoj^etu avTov? 
Kal airoWvvcu] eir ifiol icrTi' irXel Se eVt. 



* 2. (3.) 
nOSEIAQXOS KAI AASEIOY. 

TIOX. Ti tovto, AXfyete ; fiovos Tdv aXXcov 
i/jLTrecrcov e? to TreXayo? ovtc dvap.iyvvcrai tjj ciX/jltj, 5 
&)? e#o? 7TOTa/xo6? diracnv, ovTe dvairavet^ creavTov 
hiay^vOei^, dXXd 81a tt}? OaXc'iTTT)? ^vvecrTcos Kal 
yXvKV (pvXaTTcov to peWpov, d/ityr}<; €ti Kal Kadapbs 
tireiyr) ovk ol8a biroi (3v6io<$ vtoBv^ KaOdirep ol 
Xdpoi Kal epcohcoL ; Kal eoiKas dvaKv^jreiv ttov Kal 10 
av6i$ dvafyavelv aeavTov. 

AA$>. 'EpCOTLKOV TL TO TTpdyfld eCTTiV, 0) II6creC' 

Sov, tocrTe /J,?] eXey%e ' 7]pda6r]^ he Kal avTos 
7roXXaKi<;. 

110%. TvvaiKos, a> AX<j>eie, r) vvfM^rjs e'/3a? r\ 15 
Kal to)v Nr)p7)iBcov avTwv /Aids ; 

AA<P. Ovk, dXXd 77777/}?, c5 IlocreiSov. 

ITOX 'H Be croc itov 7/7? avTrj pel ; 

AA$>. Nrjo-iooTis icrTi XiKeXi'y Apedovcrav avTrjv 
KaXovatv. 20 

110%. OlBa ovk ap,op(f)ov, a) AXcf>eie, tt)v 
Apedovcrav, dXXd Biavyrjs Te Icttl Kal Bed KaOapov 
dvaftXv^ei Kal to vBwp eiriirpeirei TaU ^rjcpLacv bXov 
virep avTOiV (paivofievov dpyvpoeiBes. 



126 AOTKIANOT 

AA<P. '/2? dXr/Ocos olcrda rrjv ivqyrjv, a> Uocrei- 
Bov 'rrap ifcelvrjv ovv direp^oixai. 

110%. 'AXX* airiQi fjbkv Kal evTvyei ev tg3 
€pooTC ' i/celvo Be fxoo elire, irov rrjv ^ Apedovaav 
5 etSe? avrbs fjuev *ApKa<; &v, r) Be ev 2vpaKovo~ai$ 
early ; 

AA$. ^Eireiyo^evov fie KaTe%eis, a> JJoaeiBoVy 
ireplepya epcoTwv. 

110%. Ev Xeyew %<*)pei irapa rrjv dyaTrcojuevrjv, 
10 Kal dvaBvs clito rrj<; daXdrrrj^ %vvava\xiyvvQ~Q ttj 
Trrjyfj Kal ev vBcop yiyvecrOe. 



3. (5.) 

IIANOIIH2 KAI TAAHNHX 

HAN. Elbe?, a) TaXrjvr], %#e? ola ewolijo-ev r) 
"Epos irapa to Belirvov ev GerraXla, Bcorc fjirj Kal 
avrr) eKXrjOr) e? to avpuroaiov ; 

15 TAA. Ov ^vveccrTi(o/jL7]v vplv eywye • 6 yap 
FLocreiBojv eKeXevcre fjue, &> TJavoirr}, cuKv/juavTOv ev 
tog-ovtw (frvXaTTeiv to TreXayos. rl S' ovv eirolrjaev 
7] "Epi? firj irapovara ; 

HAN. C H 0eTt? {iev rjBr) Kal 6 IlrjXevs aTreXrj- 

20 XvOecrav e? tov OdXapuov vtto t?}? 'A/jL^LTpiTr]? Kal 
tov Uoo-euBayvos 7rapa7re/JL<fidevTe<;, r) "Epis Be ev 
roo~ovT(p XaOovcra irdvTas — eBwrjOrj Be pa,Bl(o<; i 

TWV fieV TTtVOVTGOV, CVLCOV Be KpOTOVVTCOV rj TO) 

'AttoXXcovl KiQapitpvTi rj rat? Movcrais aBovo~avs 



ENAA10I AlAAOrOL 2. S. 4. 127 

irpocreyovTo^v rov vovv — evejSaXev e? to ^vparoaiov 
/jltjXov tl irdyicaXov, j^pvaovv oXov, o> TaXrjvrj • 
eireyeypairTo Be " r) icaXr) Xa/3er<w." KvXivBovp,evov 
Be rovro cbairep e^eTriTrjBes rjtcev evQa ° Hpa re ical 
A^pohirr] real ' ' AOrjvd KaTeicXLvovTO. KaireiBr) 6 5 
( Epfj,rjs dveXopuevos eireXe^aTo ra yeypappueva, at 
puev Nr)pr)L&e<; rjpLeis direo-UDTrrjaapLev tl jap eBeL 
iroielv eiceivwv irapovawv ; at Be avreiroiovvro 
CKaarr) koX avTrjs elvai to pbrjXov rj^iovv, ical el pit] 
ye 6 Zeiss BiearTrjo-ev avrds, ical ayjpi yeipwv av to io 
7rpa<ypLa TTpovyjjopr]aev. dXX' eicelvos, Avrbs puev ov 
tcpivw, $r)o-i } irepl tovtov, — Kairot etceivai avrbv 
Bucdcrai r)£iovv — diriTe Be e? rr)v "IBrjv irapd rov 
Upidpov iralBa, o? olBe re Biayvwvai to /cdXXiov 
(friXo/caXos osv, koX ov/c dv e/celvos Kpivai /ca/ccos. is 

TAA. Tl ovv al deal, w Tlavbirr) ; 

II AN. Trjpbepov, olpiai, diriacriv e? Tr\v "IBtjv, 
Kai tis rj^ei puerd puiicpbv dirayyeXXtov rjpLtv rr)v 
Kparovaav. 

TAA. "HBtj aol <f)r)p,L, ov/c aXXr) fcparrjaet Trj? 20 
'AcfrpoBiTrjs dycovi^opbevr)^, rjv pur) irdvv 6 BiaLTr)Tr)$ 

dpL/3XVQJTT7). 



4. (12.) 

AQPIA02 KAI ©ETIA02. 

AfLP. Tl Bafcpveis, &> ©ere ; 
GET. KaXXtarrjv, w Acopl, Kopr\v elBov e? 
Kiftoirbv vtto rov Trarpbs epbj3Xr]6elaav, avrrjv re 25 



128 AOTKIANOT 

Kal /3pe<f>os avTrj? dpTiyevvrjTOv • eKeXevae Be 6 
7rarr}p tov<? vavras dvaXafiovTas to kl/3cotlov, 
eireiBdv iroXv cltto t?}? 777? airoaTracrtocrLV, dfyelvai 
e? tt]v OakaTTav, ft)? clttoXolto 7) dOXla, Kal avrrj 
s Kal to ftpecfros. 

AflP. Tlvos Be eveKa, go dBeXcf)?] ; elire, et tl 
ep,a6e<; aKpiftais diravTa. 

©ET. e 'AKplcrLos 6 7raTr)p avTTjs KaXkio~TT)v 
ovcrav eirapQevevev e? %aXKOvv Tiva OdXapiov 

io e/n/3aXcov ' elTa, el fiev dXrjOe? ovk eyuz elirelv, 
(feaal £' ovv tov Ala y^pvcov yevdfievov pvrjvai, Bid 
tov opotfiov eV avTTjv, Befja/ievrjv Be eKetvrjv e? tov 
koXttov KaTappeovTa tov Oebv eyKv/xova yeveaOac. 
tovto alo-06/j,evo$ 6 TraTTqp, ayptos rt? Kal ^tjXotvtto^; 

is yepcov, r/yavaKTrjae Kal vtto twos jxefioi^evcrOat 
olrjdels avT7]v ififlaXXet, e? ttjv klJScdtov dpTC 
TeTOKvlav. 

AflP. r H Be tl eTTpaTTev, a> OeTi, ottotc 
KadceTo ; 

20 ©ET. 'Tirep avTrj? fxev eaiya, &> Acopt, Kal 
ecfrepe Ti)v KaTaBtKTjv. to /3pi(j)o<; Be TraprjTetTO /nrj 
diroOavelv BaKpvovaa Kal tc5 7ra7T7r<y BeiKVVovaa 
avTO, KaXkiaTOv ov to Be vir dyvoias tcov KaKcov 
v7re/jLecBla wpbs ttjv OdXaTTav. viroTTipjirXa^ai 

25 avQis tovs 6(f)0a\fjLov<; BaKpvcov jivr) fiovevovcra 
avTcov. 

AflP. Kd/jue BaKpvcrab eTrolrjcras. a\V yBrj 
TeOvdcrtv ; 

©ET. OvBa/Jbws * vrj^errai yap eVt rj /a/3a>T0? 

30 djjL(j)l ttjv %ep(,<f)ov £wi>Ta? avTovs fyvXaTTOvaa. 



5. 129 

A HP. Ti ovv ovyi cru>&ixev avrrjv tois aXievcri, 
tovtois ep,j3aXovaaL e? ra SUrva tol? ^epKptoc^ ; 
ol Be dvaairdaavTe^ crcoaovat Sr/Xov ore. 

GET. Ev \eyecs, ovrco Troiwfiev ' fir) ydp 

CLTToXio-OcO fl1]T€ aVTTJ fJLTjTe TO TTCLL&ioV OVTCO? OV S 

koKov. 



5. (15.) 
ZE$YPOY KAI NOTOY. 

ZE<&. Ov TTGOTTore 7ro{jL7T7]v eyco fjL€*/a\oTrpe- 
ireo-repav elSov ev rfj OaXdrrr], aft ov ye el/xc koX 
irvew. crv £e ovk elSe?, cj Nore ; 

NOT. Tlva ravrrjv Xeyeis, co Zefyvpe, tjjv m 
7ro/jLTnjv ; rj rives ol TrepLTrovres rjcrav ; 

ZE$. 'HdecTTOV Oeu/iciTo? direXel^Orj^, olov ovk 
av ciXXo i$oi$ en. 

NOT. Ilepl T7)v epvdpav yap OdXarrav elpya- 
%6ftr)v, eireirvevaa Ee xal fiepos rrjs 'Iv&lktjs, oaa 15 
7rapd\ia rajs ^copa?- ovSev cvv olEa wv Xeyeis. 

ZE$. 'AXXa tov Si&coviov 'Ay?jvopa olSas ; 

NOT. NaL' TOV T?}? EvpGOTTT)? TTCLTepa. tL 

pafp ; 

ZE$. Ilepl avrrj? etceivTjs BiTjyijo-o/ial aoi. 20 

NOT. Mcov 6tl 6 Zev$ epaarr]^ rife TraiSbs eic 
iroXXov ; tovto yap Kal irdXat rj7TLO'Ta/j,7]v. 

ZE<&. Ovtcovv tov fiev epcora olaOa, tcl fieTa 
9 



130 A0TKIAN0T 

ravra he r)hr] d/covaov. rj /xev Evpcoirr] fcareXrjXvOet, 
eirl rrjv r]lova irai^ovaa t«? rjXiKicoTiha^ irapaXa- 
fiovcra, 6 Zevs he Tavpco el/cdaa$ eavTOv avveirai^ev 
avrals fcdWicrros cpaivo/juevo^ • Xeu/co? re yap rjv 
5 a/rpt/3co? teal rd Kepara evKafXTrr)^ teal to /3\e/jLfia 
ri/jbepos' iatapra ovv teal avrbs eirl t?}? rjlovo? teal 
e/JLVKaro rjhiGrrov, ware ttjv Evpcoirrjv ToXfiijcraL teal 
dvajSijvac avrov. &)? he tovto eyevero, hpofialo? 
fiev 6 Zevs copfjLTjaev eirl ttjv ddXarrav cf>epcov avryv 

io teal eviqyeTO e/jarecrcov, r) he irdvv eteirXayr]^ too 
Trpdyfiari, rfj \aia jiev ec^ero tov tceparos, to? /jlt) 
dirdXiaOdvoi, rfj erepa he r/vepLco fievov tov ireirkov 
^vvelyev. 

NOT. r Hhv tovto Oea/jia elSe?, co Zecf>vpe, teal 

is ipcDTi/cov, vrj^ofievov tov Ala cpepovTa ttjv dya- 

7TCD/ULevr)V. 

ZE<f>. Kal yLT\v tcl fieTa Tai)Ta rjhico irapd 
woXv, co NoTe ' rj re yap OdXaTTa evOvs d/ev/jLwv 
eyeveTO Kal ttjv ya\r)V7]v eTTLairacrafjbevr} \eiav 

20 Trapelyev eavTTjv, rj/LLels he irdvTes r\crvyjiav dyovTes 
ovhev dWo t) deaTal pbovov tcov ycyv o/mevcov Trapj]- 
KoXovdovjjbev • "EpcoTes he TrapaireTOfievou putephv 
ete tt}? OaXaTTT]?, co? evioTe dtepoLs tols iroalv 
eirv^faveiv tov vhaTOS, rj/nfievas Tas hahas <fiepovT€$ 

25 fjhov dfia tov vjievaiov. at, Nrjprjihes he dva- 
hvcrai iraplirirevov eirl tcov heXcplvcov eiriKpoTovcrai 
r)jjbiyvjjjVOL al TroWai. to Te tcov Tpurcovcov 
yevos Kal el tl dXKo /jlt) cj>oj3epov ihelv tcov 
OaXaTTicov diravTa irepieyopeve tt)v iralha. 6 

30 fjuev yap Hoaeihcov €7rc/3e/3r]Kco<; dpfiaTos, irapo- 



ENAA10I AIAAOrOI. 5. 131 

%ovfiei>r)v ttjv A{i(j)iTpLT7)v e-^cov irporjye yeyrjOais 
ohoiroiwv viqyoyukviC) rS dBeX^w. eirl ttclctl Se 
tt\v Acf)po8iTr]v 8vo TpiTcoves ecpepov eirX Koyyri^ 
KaTaK€L/ievT]v, avOrj iravrola liriirdrrovaav rrj 
vvficfrr). ravra Ik <&oiviKr)<; &XP L T ^ ? Kprjrrj^ 5 
iyevero • €7rel Se eire^T] rfj vrjaw, 6 /xev ravpos 
oufceri, efyaivero, eTrtXafiofievos $e r?}? X eL P^ ° 
Zev<$ airfjye ttjv Evpcoirriv e? to Alktcllov avrpov 
epvOpiwaav koX kcitco oposaav ^iriararo yap rjhr] 
e<$> otw ayotro. rjfJLels he efiireaovre^ aAAo? aXXo ic 
rod ireXdyovs fiepos hieKvpLaLvofjiev. 

NOT. S S2 fiafcdpie Ze(f)vpe t% #ea? * eyw Se 
ypviras kcli eXicfeavras koX fieXavas dv6 pObirovs 
ecopcov. 



NEKPIKOI AIAAOrOL 



1. (4.) 
EPMOY KAI XAPONOX 

EPM. Aoyt<TcojjL60a, o> iropOpuev, el Bo/eel, oirocra 1 
fjLOL o^etXet? t/Stj, oVo)? firj avdis ipl^cofiev n irepl 
avrwv. 

XAP. AoyicrdofieOa, o) 'Epfjirj • dfieivov yap 
5 a>pi(r6ai teal aTrpayfiovecrrepov. 

EPM. "Ayicvpav ivreiXafieva) i/co/Mcra irevTe 
Bpa-^/xcov. 

XAP. IIoWou Xeyets. 

EPM. Nrj tov 'AiBcwea, twv irevre CDVTjad/jLTjv, 
io teal rpo7ro)Trjpa Bvo ojBoXwv. 

XAP. TiOei irevre Bpa^/ia^ Kal bftokovs Bvo. 

EPM. Kal cuceo-Tpav inrkp rod IcttIov • irevre 
6(3o\ovs eyoa KarefiaXov. 

XAP. Kal tovtovs irpoo-rlOei. 
15 EPM. Kal Krjpbv ax? iirLirXdaac rod aKacfaBlov 
rd dvewyora Kal tfXovs Be Kal KaXooBiov, d(j> ov 
ttjv virepav eiroirjaa^, Bvo Bpa^jucov diravra. 



XEKPIK01 JIAJOrOl. 1. 133 

XAP. Kal d£ia ravra covrjcrco. 

EPM. Tavrd eariv, el firf ri aXXo t)fia^ 
BieXadev ev ro5 Xoyio-fjLco. rrore B7 ovv ravra 
drroBdocreiv $779 ; 

XAP. Nvp fj.ev, o) 'Ep/jLi), dBvvarov, i)v Be 5 
Xoi/jLO? ri? r) rroXe/xos KararrepL^rj dOpoovs nvd$, 
evearai rbre drroKepBavac rrapa.XoyLt6p.evov rd 
7rop6fj.€?a. 

EPM. Nvv ovv eyco Ka6eBovfiai rd kuk terra 
ev^6p.evo^ yevecrOai, o>? dp drrb rovrcov drroXd- 10 
Poifii ; 

XAP. Ovk ecrrtv dXXcos, d> *Epp.r), vvv Be oXiyoi, 
a)? 6pa$, dcpiKvovvrac t)puv elprjvrj yap. 

EPM. "Ap.eivov ovrws, el Ka\ i)plv rrapareivoiro 
vrrb gov rb 6(f)Xr)p.a. ttXjjv d\\' ol p.ev rraXaiol, 15 
10 Xdpcov, olava olot rrape^/iyvovro, dvBpeloc 
drravre^, aifiaros dvdrrXew Kal rpavfiariau ol 
rroXXor vvv he rj qbapfiaKco t(? vrrb rov 7ratSo? 
diroOavcov rj vrrb ri)$ yvvai/cbs r) virb rpv(f>r}? 
e^wdrjKcos ryjv yacrrepa Kal rd aKeXrj, co^pol drravres *° 
Kal dyevveU, oviev bp.oioi eKeivois. ol Be rrXelarot 
avrcbv Bid y^pi)p.ara t\kovglv em'fiovXevovres dXXi]- 
Xoi$, &)<r eOLKacri. 

XAP. Ildvv yap irepLrroOrjrd eari ravra. 

EPM. Ovkovv ovB' eya) Bo^aifiL dv d/iaprdveiv 25 
TTLKpus drratrtov rd ocpeiXofieva rrapd gov. 



134 A0TK1AN0T 

2. (1.) 

AIOrENOYS KAI IIOAYAEYKOY2. 

AIOT. 9 /2 IloXvSevfees, evrekXofiai o~ot, eiretSdv 1 
rdytara dveXOrjs, — gov yap eartv, ol/iat, ava- 
ftiwvca avptov — tjv 7rov tSys Mevtirirov rov tevva, — 
evpots 8' av avrbv ev KoplvOcp Kara to Kpdvetov rj 

5 ev Avteelcp rcov ept^ovreov rrpbs dXXrjXovs (ptXoaocjxov 
tearayeXwvra — elirelv rrpos avrov, ore o~ol, w 
Mevtirrre, teeXevet 6 Aioyevrjs, el cot i/eavcos tcl 
virep yfjs tearayeyeXaarat, rjteetv evOdhe iroXXco 
irXelco eirtyeXaaofievov eteet puev yap ev dfi(j)i{36X(p 

io o~ol en o yeXcos r)v teal 7roXi) to " t/? yap oXo>? 
oiSe ret fierd rov fiiov.;" evravOa Se ov iravarf 
/3e/3a.ta)? yeX&v tcaOdirep eyco vvv, teal ptdXtara 
eiretSdv opas rovs irXovclovs teal carpdiras teal 
rvpdvvovs ovreo rairetvovs teal dcrrj/jtovs, itc fjtovr]? 

15 olfieoyr)? Siayivcoo-teo/jLevovs, teal ore /jbaXOateol teal 
dyevvets etat /ie/Jtvrj pivot rwv dvco. ravra Xeye 
avroj, teal irpoaert, €/j.7rXr}o-dpLevov rr)v irrjpav rjteetv 
Oepfjicov re ttoXXcov teal el itov evpot ev rfj rptohco 
'EfedTrjs Setirvov teelfievov rj epbv ete teaOapcrtov rj rt 

20 TOtOVTOV. 

HO A. *AXX y dirayyeXo) ravra, w A toy eves* 2 
07Tft>? he elSa) pidXtara, oirolos rk ecrrt rrjv o-yjrtv. 

AIOT. Tepcov, (fraXatepos, rptj3covtov e^cov iroXv- 

Ovpov, diravrt dvefitp dvairerrrapuevov teal rat? 

25 eirtirrv^als r<ov patetcov irotteiXov, yeXa 8' del teal 



NEKPIKOI AlAylOrOI. 2. 135 

ra rroXXa rovs dXa^ovas tovtovs cfriXocrocpovs 

ilTlG fCa)7TT€L. 

TIOA. 'PaSiov evpeiv drrb ye rovrcov. 

AIOT. BovXet Kal rrpbs avrovs ifcelvovs ivrei- 
Xwjjlcll n tovs (friXocrocfiovs ; 5 

TIOA. Aeye' ov (3apv yap ovSe rovro. 

AIOT. To jjbev oXov rravaacrOai avroh rrapeyyva 
Xr/povcrL Kal rrepl rwv bXwv epl^ovac Kal Kepara 
<f>vovcnv dXXr/Xots Kal KpoKoSetXow; rroiovcri Kal ra 
rotavra diropa ipwrdv ScBda /cover 1 rbv vovv. «o 

TIOA. 'AW* €fjL6 dfiaOr) Kal diraihevrov elvcu 
(p^aovat Karr/yopovvra rfjs cro(f)la<; avrcov. 

AIOT. 2v Be olfjboo^etv avrols Trap 1 e/jiov Xeye. 

TIOA. Kal ravra, co Aibyeves, dirayyeXw. 

AIOT. Tol? ttXovctiols 8\ oi (f>iXrarov TIoXv- 15 
Sev/CLOV, dirdyyeXXe ravra Trap rj/nwv ■ ri, co 
fxdraioL, rbv ypvaov (frvXdrrere ; ri 8e rifiwpelaOe 
eavrovs Xoyt^o/jLevoi rovs tokovs Kal rdXavra eirl 
raXdvrois crvvriQevre^, o£>? yprj eva oftoXbv eyovras 
tf/ceiv fier oXlyov ; 20 

TIO A. Elptjaerat Kal ravra rrpbs eKelvovs. 

AIOT. 'AXXa Kal rots KaXols re Kal Icryypol^ 
Xeye, MeylXXco re rS KoptvOiw Kal Aafio^evw rco 
rraXaicrrfj, on Trap rj/xiv ovre r) £ai>drj kojultj ovre 
rd yaporra r) fxeXava ofi/iara i) epvdrjfjia eirl rov 25 
rrpoaooTTOv en ecrriv rj vevpa evrova rj oipboi 
Kaprepoi, dXXd irdvra fita Mvkovos, <f)acrl, Kpavia 
yvfivd rov KaXXovs. 

TIOA. Ov yaXeTrbv ovhe ravra elirelv rrpbs rovs 
KaXovs Kal Icryypovs. 30 



136 AOTKIANOT 

AIOT. Kal tols rrevrjcrcv, a> Aukcov, — 7ro\\ol 
S' elal Kal dyObfxevoi rco rrpdyfiari Kal OLKrelpovres 
rrjv diroplav — Xeye firfre BaKpveiv purjre ol/xco^ecv 
BtTjyrjo-d/jLevos rrjv evravOa laort/jLiav, Kal ore 
5 o-yjrovrac rovs €Kel rrkovcriovs ovBev dfielvovs avrcov • 
Kal AaKehaLfJLOVLOL? Be rot? aol<; ravra, el Bokcl, 
Trap 1 6/j.ov €7ririfir)crov Xeycov etcXeXvaOai avrovs. 

FLO A. MrjBev, 3) Aibyeves, rrepl AaKeBaifiovicov 
Xeye' ov yap ave^o/iai ye. a Be rrpbs rovs aXXovs 
io e(p7]a0a, drrayyeXu*. 

AIOT. ^Edaco/xev tovtovs, eirei aoi BoKel' crv 
Be oh irpoeliTov direveyKOv irap ifiov rovs Xoyou?. 



3. (10.) 

XAPON02 KAI EPMOY KAI NEKPQN AIA$OPON. 

XAP. ' 'AKovcrare go? e^ec r)plv ra rrpdyfiara. 
is fitKpbv fiev rjjjLLVy &>? 6 pare, rb o-Ka<fiiBtov Kal 
inrbcraOpbv ecrrt Kal Biappel ra rroXXd, Kal rjv 
rparrfj errl Odrepa, ol^qcrerai rrepirpairev, vfiel<; Be 
ap,a rocrovrot rjKere iroXXa eirL^epo/jievoL eKacrros. 
rjv ovv /juera rovrcov epL(3r)re, BeBca firj vcrrepov 
20 fjLeravor](rr)T€, Kal fidXiara oizoaoi velv ovk eVt- 
aracrOe. 

EPM. JTco? ovv irotrjaavre^ evrrXorjo-o/jLev ; 

XAP. 'Eya) v/jLlv cf)pdo-(D ' yv/jbvov? errifiai- 
veuv yjpr) to, irepurra ravra rrdvra errl rrjs r]6vo$ 



NEKPIKOI AlAAOrOI. 2. 3. 137 

KCLTOklTTOVTaS ' fl6\lS yap CLV KCU, OVTCO? hefjcUTO 

vfjLCL? to iropOpuelov. crol he, 0) e Epp,rj, fjbeXrjcrei to 
curb tovtov /xrjSeva TTapaZiyeaQ cll avTcov, 0? av /xtj 
i/ r t\o? y kcu to, eiTLirXa, ioairep ecf)r]v, a7ro/3a\cov. 
irapa he tt\v ciTroftaOpav ecrro)? hiaylvcoaKe clvtovs 5 
teal ava\dfi(Save yvp,vovs eiufiaiveiv dvayKa^cov. 

EPM. Ev Xeyets, kcu ovto) iroirjo-ojfiev. — 
OvToal Tt? o irptoTos eo~Ti ; 

MEN. MevLTrTros eycoye. aXX Ihoij rj ir-qpa fioi, 

O) 'EpflTj, KCU TO ftdfCTpOV 6? T7]V \l'fjLV7]V Cl7T€ppL(f>6(OV ' 10 

top Tpi/3(ova he ovhe eKopuaa ev iroioiv. 

EPM. "E/iffcuve, & MeviiTTre dvhpaiv apicrTe, 
kcu T7)V irpoehplav irapa tov Kv(3epvn c jT7)v e%e €</>' 
v^ttjXov, cos* eiricncoTrfis diravTa^. 6 icakbs 8' ovtos 
t/? ecTTt ; is 

XAP. Xap/jLoXecos 6 Meyapucbs 6 eirepacrTos, 
ov to (f)[\r}/ia hiTaXavTov rjv. 

EPM 'AirohvOi Toiyapovv to KaXXos kcu tcl 
XeiXr] clvtoIs fyCkrjfiao-L kcu ttjv Kop,r)v tt\v /3a6eiav 
kcu to e7rl tcov Trapeiwv epvQr\p.a kcu to hepfia oXov. 20 
%X ei K-a^tes, ev^covos el, eirlficuve 77877. he tt\v 
TTopcfrvpiha oiiToal kcu to hidhr)fxa, 6 fiXocrvpos, t/? 
cov Tvy^dveis ; 

AAMU. Adfjarixp^ TeXaicov TVpavvos. 

EPM. TI ovv, co Adixiriyey TOcravTa eywv 25 
irdpei ; 

AAMU. Ti ovv ; ixpr)v, co 'Ep/irj, yvfivbv r\neiv 
Tvpavvov avhpa ; 

EPM. Tvpavvov /jiev ovhapLQe*;, veKpbv he jidXa' 

COCTT€ CLTToOoV TdVTa. 3° 



138 AOTKIANOT 

AAMU. 'IBov ltoi 6 ttXovto? dTreppnrrai. 

EPM. Kal tov rvcpov diroppi^rov, to Adfimye, 
Kal rrjv virepo-^riav ■ fiaprjaeL jap to rropOfielov 
crvvefiirecrovra. 
5 AAMU. Ovkovv aWa rb BudB^fxa eaadv fie 
eyeiv Kal rr\v efyearpiBa. 

EPM. OuBaficos, aWa Kal ravra afes. 

AAMU. Elev. rl en ; irdvra yap dfyrjKa, &>? 
op as. 
io EPM. Kal T7)v cofiorrjra Kal rrjv avoiav Kal rr\v 
vftpiv Kal tt]v opyrjv, Kal ravra ac/>e?. 

AAMU. 'IBov croc yjriXos elfit. 

EPM. "Efiftaive 7]Sr). crv Be 6 ira^y?, 6 7ro\u- 
crapKo? rk el ; 
is AAM. Aafiacrlas 6 dOXTjrrj^. 

EPM. Nat, eoiKas • olBa yap ere TroWd/ei? ev 
rah iraXalarpais IBcov. 

AAM. Nat, co 'Ep/jLrj • aWa irapdBe^ai fie 
yv/JLvov ovra. 
20 EPM. Ob yvjivov, Si fieXriare, rocravras erapKas 
TrepiPeftXrjjjLevov ware diroBvOu avrds, eirel Kara- 
Bvcrei? to GKafyos tov erepov iroBa virepOels fiovov 
aXka Kal rov<$ arecjidvovs rovrovs airoppi^ov Kal 
ra KTjpvjfiara. 
25 AAM. 'IBov vol yvfivos, a>? 6pa<$, dXrjOcos elfii 
Kal lo-oo-rdaios rol? aWois veKpols. 

EPM. Ovtcds dfxeivov d/3apij elvai • coo-re 

efi(3acve. Kal crv Be tov irXovrov arroOefievos, Si 

Kpdrcov, Kal rrfv fiaXaKiav Be irpocreri Kal rrjv 

30 rpvcf>r}v firjBe ra evrdcpia KOfic^e firjBe ra rcov 



NEKPIKOI AIAAOTOI. 3. 139 

irpoyovwv d^tcofiara, KaTaXare Be /ecu yevos /ecu 
B6£av Kal et irore ere r) ttqXis dveK7]pv£e /ecu tcl<z 
twv dvBptdvTwv eiriypafyds, firjSe, otl p,eyav rd<pov 
eiri goi eywcrav, Xeye • ftapvvei yap Kal ravra 
fivrj/jLovevo/jbeva. s 

KPAT. Ov%. i/coop fie'v, diroppL^jrco Be' tl yap 
av Kal irddoifju ; 

7 EPM. Ba/3at erv Be 6 evoirXos tl ftovXei ; rj 
tl to rpoiraiov tovto (frepeis ; 

ZTPATHIOZ. "Otl eviK-qcra, co 'Epurj, Kal 10 
r)pLo~Tevo~a Kal rj ttoXls irip,T]ae fie. 

EPM. "A(f>e$ vrrep yrjs to Tpoiratov ■ ev aBov 

8 yap elpr]VT) Kal ovBev oirXwv Berjcrei. crepvo<s Be 
ovtos diro ye tov ayrjfjLaTO^ Kal fipevdvopevos, 
Ta9 ofypvs €7rr]pK(D<;, 6 eirl tcov (fipovTiBcov Tt? io~Tiv, 15 
o tov /3adi)v TTcoycova Kadeifievos ; 

MEN. <Pi\6cro(f>6s ri?, co 'Epfxrj, pdXXov Be 
707/9 Kal TepaTeias pecrTOs ■ cocrre diroBvaov Kal 
tovtov 6\frei yap 7roXXa Kal yeXola vtto too ip.aTi(p 
crKeirofieva. 20 

EPM. ' AiroQov av to ayijpa irpcoTov, etra Kal 
TavTl TrdvTa. co Zev, oarjv pev ttjv dXa^oveiav 
Kopl^ec, oarjv Be dpLaOtav Kal epLV Kal KevoBo^iav 
Kal epcoTrjaeis diropovs Kal Xoyovs aKavdcoBeis Kal 
evvola? ttoXvttXokovs, dXXa Kal p,aTaiOTroviav 25 
fidXa ttoXXtjv Kal Xijpov ovk oXtyov Kal vOXovs 
Kal piKpoXoylav, vrj Ala Kal ypvaiov ye tovtI 
Kal r)Bvird6eiav Be Kal dvaicryyvTiav Kal opyrjv Kal 
Tpvcf)r]v Kal pLaXaKiav ' ov XeXrjOe ydp pe, el Kal 
/idXa irepLKpxnrTeis avTa. Kal to yjrevBos Be diroOov 30 



140 A0TKIAN0T 

Kal tov rv(j>ov Kal to oleaQai djxeivwv elvai tcoV 
dXXcov co? ei ye ravra irdvTa e^cov e^jBair)^, iroia 
irevTTjKOvropo^ he^aLTo av ae ; • 

$IA. ^ATToriOefJiai toivvv avrd, eireiirep ovrco 
s KeXevew. 

MEN. *AXXd Kal tov irooycova tovtov aTroOiaOco, 
co 'Epfjbf), ftapvv re ovra Kal Xdaiov, co? opa?* irevre 
fival rpiyfiv elcn TovXdyicrTov. 

EPM. Ev Xeyeus' diroOov Kal tovtov. 
io $IA. Kal t/? o aTroiceipwv ecrTai ; 

EPM. Mevariro^ ovtoctI Xaftcov ireXeKuv twv 
vav7rr)<yiKGov airoKO^eL clvtov eiriKoircd tj} cnrofiaQpa, 
Xprjcrdfievo?. 

MEN. Ovk, 0) 'EpfiTJ, dXXa nrplovd jjloi dvdSos • 
is yeXoioTepov yap tovto. 

EPM. * TreXe/cvs Itcavos. — ev ye. dvOpwrri- 
vcoTepo? vvv dvaire^>T)va^ diroQeybevos aavTov rrjv 
Kivdftpav. 

MEN. BovXev [Aiicpbv dcfreXcofiai, Kal twv 
20 6<fipvcov ; 

EPM. MdXiGTa • virep to ixeTcairov yap Kal 

TavTas eTrrjpfcev, ovk olSa e</>' otu> dvaTeivcov eavTOV. 

ti tovto ; Kal SaKpvets, o) KaOap/xa, Kal irpo<^ 

OdvaTOV diroheiXia^ ; e/iftrjOt, & ovv. 

25 MEN. *Ev €Ti to /3apvTaTov vito fidXr)? e^et. 

EPM. Ti, co Mevtirire ; 

MEN. KoXaKetav, co r Ep/xrj, iroXXa xpTjo-tfjuev- 
aacrav avTco ev tco (Bi(ji. 

$IA. Oukovv Kal av, co Meviirire, airoOov tt)v 
30 eXevOepiav Kal irapp^crlav Kal to dXvirov Kal to 



NEKPIKOI AIAAOrOl. 3. 141 

yevvalov Kal tov yeXcoTa * fiovos yovv tcov aXKcov 
yeXas. 

EPM. M 77 Sa/jLcos, dXXd teal e^e ravra, Kov(f>a 
yap Kal irdvv etxpopa ovra /cat 7rpo? rov KardirXovv 

10 xprjo-tfia. Kal 6 prjrwp Be av clttoOov tcov prjfidrcov 5 
rrjv rocravTrjv direpavToXoyiav /cal avTiOecrecs teal 
7rapccra)<rec<; ical irepioBovs Kal f3ap{3apcafiov<$ zeal ra 
aXXa ftdpr) tcov Xoycov. 

PUT. *Hv IBov, diTOT [Sepal. 

EPM. Ev eyei> ' ware Xve rd diroyeia, rrjv 10 
diroftdOpav dveXcofxeOa, to dy/cvptov dveairdcrOco, 
ireracrov to Igtlov, evOuve, co 7rop0fj,ev, to irr]BdXiov' 

11 evTrXoco/xev. tL olfico^eTe, to fidTaioc, Kal pudXiaTa 
6 cpcXoaoipos crv 6 dpTtcos tov ircoycova BeBrjco- 
fjuevos ; 15 

$IA. rr Otl, co ( Epp,rj, dddvaTOV co/jltjv ttjv 
yjrv^rjv vTrdp^etv. 

MEN. WevBeTac aXXa yap eouce Xwirelv avTov. 

EPM. Td irola ; 

MEN. "Otl /jLTj/ceTt Beiirvrjcrei 7roXvTeXrj Belirva 20 
fjirjBe vvKTcop e^icov diravTas XavOdvcov tco IfxaTLCp 
rrjv KecpaXrjv fcaTeiXrjaras irepleicnv ev kvkXco t<z 
yapbaiTvirela, Kal ecoOev e^airaTcov toi>? veovs 
eVl Tjj ao(j>la dpyvpiov Xr\^eTai • TavTa Xvirel 
avTov. 25 

<PIA. %v yap, co Meviirire, ovk a%6r) diro- 
davcov ; 

MEN. ITw?, 0? eairevaa eirl tov OdvaTov 

12 KaXeaavTos fir)Bev6<; ; aXXa fieTa^v Xoycov ov Kpavyrj 
tis aKoveTac toenrep tlvcov dirb yf}<; (Bocovtcov ; 30 



142 AOTKIANOT 

EPM. Nal, w Mevnnre, ov/c ac/>' eVo? ye yuspiov, 
d\\' oi fjuev e? ttjv ifc/cXrjo-lav avvekdovres aap,evoi 
ye\(oo~t, Trdvres eirl rS Aapjiriyov Oavdray teal rj 
yvvrj avrov crvve^erai irphs rcov yvvaiK&v Kal tcl 
s iracBla veoyva, ovra ojulolojs /catcelva virb tcjv iraiBwv 
fidWerai a<f>66voL$ tols \i6ols • aXkot, Be Aio<f>av- 
tov rbv prjropa eiraivovaiv ev ^lkvcjvc eiriTafyiovs 
\6yov<; Bie^iovta eirl Kpdrcovi tovtg). Kal vrj Ala 
ye 7) Aa/xao-lov p>iJT7}p KcoKvovcra e^dpyei rov 
io Oprjvov <tvv yvvai^lv eirl ra> Aafiaala' ere Be, a> 
Mevnnre, ovBels BaKpvei, icaO' rjorv^lav Be icelaai 

fJLOVO?, 

MEN. OvBa/j,a>s, dXX? aicovcrr) tojv kvvgjv fxer 13 
b\(yov wpvofievayv oIktlo-tov eir ifiol Kal rcov 

IS KOpCLKWV TVTTTO/JLeVCOV TCH? TTTepols, OTTOTaV (TVVgX' 

dovres Odirrcoal fie. 

EPM. TevvdBa? el, co Mevnnre. a\X itrel 
Kara7re7r\evKafiev [^el?], vfiels fiev airne 7rpo? to 
BiKaa-TTjpLov evOelav itceivrjv irpoiovres, eya> Be Kal 

20 o TTopOfxevs aXkovs /nereXevcrofieda. 

MEN. EvirXoelre, a> t Epp,r\ • irpotoDfjiev Be Kal 
r}/uel<;. ri ovv en Kal fieXXere ; irdvrco^ BiKavQr)vai 
Berjaei, Kal ra<? KaraBtKa? <f>acrlv elvai ftapetas, 
Tpo^ovs Kal Xfflovs Kal yviras • Bec^drjo'eTai, Be o 

25 eKacTTOV /3/o? d/ept/3w?. 



NEKPIKOI dlAylOrOL 3. 4. 143 

4. (22.) 
XAP0N02 KAI MENIIIIIOY. 

XAP. \47ToSo?, <y Kardpare, ra iropQjxela. 

MEN. Boa, el tovto aoi, 00 Xdpcov, tjSlov. 

XAP. 'Airohos, (frrj/jLL, dvO' 03V ere BieTropOjjbev- 
<ra\iev. 

MEN. Ovk av Xa/9ot? rrapd rod fur] eyovTO?. 5 

XAP. "Ecrri Se tls 6/3o\bv pbrj eywv ; 

MEN. El fiev teal ak\o<; ris ovk olSa, eyco 
o ovk e%co. 

XAP. Kal fJLVjv dy^co o~e vri tov IIXovTcova, &> 
fiLape, rjv /jltj a7roSc5?. 10 

MEN. Kdyco tc5 £v\w o~ov Trard^as Bia\vo-(o 
to Kpaviov, 

XAP. Mdrrjv ovv ear) TreTrXevKcos roaovrov 
ttXovv. 

MEN, '0 'Ep/jbrj? virep ifiov [aot] diroSoTQ), 15 
$? fie irapehwKe crou 

EPM. Nrj At o)vd/jbt]V ye, el fjueXXa) Kal 
virepeKTiveiv tcov veKpcov. 

XAP. Ovk air oarrrjero fiat crov. 

MEN. Tovtov ye eveKa Kal veoikK-qaa^ to 20 
wopOfxelov Trapd/ieve % 7rXr)v dXX* ye /xrj e%co, 
7TW? av XdftoL? ; 

XAP. Hv 8' ovk rj Set? C09 KOfjuL^eaOat heov ; 

MEN. "Hi&eiv fiev, ovk el^ov he. ri ovv ; 
€XPV V ^* t °vto fjbr) diroQavelv ; 25 



144 AOTKIANOT 

XAP. Movos ovv av'xfjGeis irpolKa ireirXev- 
tcivcu ; 

MEN. Ob Trpoiica, w ffeXrcorre' Kal yap 
TjvrXrjcra Kal t?)? kcdttt)? avveireXajBofi^v Kal ov/c 
s k/cXaov fiovos tcjv aXXcov eiriftaTcov. 

XAP. OvBev ravra 7rpbs iropOfiea' tov oftoXbv 
airoBovvai ae Bel' ov defies aXXcos yeveaOai. 

MEN. Oukovv airaye fie avdts e? tov filov. 

XAP. Xdpiev Xeyecs, ha Kal TrXrjyas iirl tovtoj 
io irapa tov AlaKOi) irpoaXdfBco, 

MEN. Mr) ivoxkeu ovv. 

XAP. Ael^ov Tfc ev rfj irr\pq e^et?. 

MEN. Qepfiovs, el deXeis, zeal ttJ? 'E/cdTTjs to 

BeiTTVOV. 

is XAP. TLoQev tovtov rjfilv, w 'Epfirj, tov Kvva 
tfyayes ; oca Be Kal eXdXec Trap a tov ttXovv tcjv 
eTnftaTcbv airdvTwv KaTayeXcov Kal e7rcaKco7TTCov 
Kal fiovos aBcov olfico^ovTcov eKelvcov. 

EPM. 'Ayvoeis, w Xdpcov, ovTiva avBpa Bieirop- 
20 Ofievaas ; eXevOepov aKpijSchs, KovBevbs avTG) fieXei. 
ovtos io-TLV 6 Meviiriros. 

XAP. Kal firiv av ae Xdf3(o iroTe — 
MEN. *Av XdPw, & fieXTio-Te' BU Be ovtc av 
Xa/3ot?. 



NEKPIKOI AlAAOrOL 4. 5. 145 

5. (20.) 
MENinnOY KAI AIAKOY. 

MEN. IIpos rod UXovtcovos, co AlaKe, irepirj- 
<yr)o~ac fioc ra iv aBov irdvra. 

AIAK. Ou pdBtov, co Meviirire, diravra • oaa 
fjievroL KecpaXaicoBr], fidvOave ■ ovrocrl fiev on 
Kepftepos icrnv olada, teal rbv iropOfiea rovrov, 0? 5 
ae Bieirepacre, Kal rrjv Xijjlvtjv zeal rbv IlvpicpXeye- 
Oovra ySrj ecopaKas ecncov. 

MEN. OlBa ravra Kal ere, ore rrvXcopels, Kal 
rbv fiaaiXea elBov Kal ra? 'Epcvvs ' rov<; Be 
dvdpcorrovs jjlol tou? irdXai Bel^ov Kal fidXiara 10 
tov$ evBotjovs avrcov. 

AIAK. Ovtos puev 'Aya/jbe/ivcov, ovros Be 'A-ftiX- 
Xevs, ovros Be 'IBo/ieveus ttXtjctlov, ovro<; Be 
'OBvcrcrevs, elra Alas ical AiofiyjBrjs Kal ol dpicrroi 
rcov e EXXr)vcov. is 

MEN. Baf3al, co "Ofi^pe, old croi rcov pa^rcpBicov 
ra KecpdXata ya}ial epptirrai dyvcoara Kal dfiopcpa, 
Kovis irdvra Kal Xr/pos ttoXvs, dfievrjvd co? dXr]6co<? 
Kaprjva. ovros Be, co AlaKe, r/? dart, ; 

AIAK. Kvpos icrnv ■ ovros Be Kpoleros, 20 
8* virep avrbv StapBavdiraXXos, 6 8' inrep tovtovs 
MiBas, eKelvos Be Hepf???. 

MEN. Elra ere, co KaOapfia, rj ( EXXd$ ecppirre 
^evyvvvra /xev rbv ' EXXrjcnrovrov, Bed Be rcov bpcov 
irXelv eTridvfjLOvvra ; olo$ Be Kal 6 Kpolaos dare. 25 
10 



146 AOTKIANOT 

tqv ^apBavdiraXXov be, a> AlaKe, irard^ai /iol 
Kara Kopp7]$ eiriTpe^ov. 

AIAK. Mr)$a/j,Q)$ ' BiaOpinrreis yap avrov to 
Kpaviov yvvaiKelov ov. 
s MEN. Ovkovv dXXa TrpoaiTTva-oixai ye irdvTWS 
dvBpoyvva) ye ovti. 

AIAK. BovXet arol einBetf;(D Kal tov<$ crocj)ov<; ; 
MEN. Ny Ala ye. 

AIAK. IT/3c3to? ovto<$ croc 6 IIv6ay6pa<? ecrrt. 
io MEN. Xaipe, a> Ev(j>op(3e tj 'AiroXkov rj 6 ri 
av eOeXrjs. 

UT&. N-rj Ala Kal crv ye, a> Meviirire. 
MEN. OvKero ^pva-ovs 6 firipos earC vol ; 
TITQ. Ov yap • dXXa <f>epe IBco el' tl croc 
is iBcoScfjiov 7) 7T7jpa €%eo. 

MEN. KvafAovs, (byade ■ So~re ov tovto aoc 
eBcoBifiov. 

UTS. Ab<i fjbovov aXXa nrapa vetcpols Boyfiara* 
efia6ov yap, a>? ovBev to~ov Kvafioi Kal Ke<paXal 
20 toktjwv evddBe. 

AIAK. Ovto? Be %oXcov 6 ^E^rjKecrrlBov Kal 
GaXr)$ eKelvo? Kal irap avrovs Utrra/co? Kal ol 
aXXoc €7rrd Be irdvres elo~lv &>? opa?. 

MEN. 'AXvttol, w AlaKe, ovtoi fiovoi Kal <j>aiBpol 
25 t(ov aXXcov. 6 Be cnroBov irkem? wcnrep eyKpvfylas 
apros, 6 t<x? <j)\vKTalva<; ei;r)vdr)K(b<;, rfc eanv ; 

AIAK. 'EfJLTreBoKXris, a> Mevtirire, r][xle<f>6os diro 
Trjs Aitwi? irapcav. 

MEN. "*{! yuXKoirov ^eXrca-re, tL iradciov 
30 o-avrbv €9 tov$ Kparrjpas eve/3 aXes ; 



NEKPIKOI AIAAOrOI. 5. 147 

EMU. MeXay%oXia Tt?, o> Meviirire. 

MEN. Ou pa AC, dXXa KevoBo^ia Kal tv<J>os 
Kal ttoXXtj KOpv^a, ravrd ae dirrjvOpaKwaev 
avTais Kp7]irl(Ttv ovk dvd^iov ovra ■ ifkrjv dXlC 
ovoev ae to a6(f>ia/jua covqaev ' i$wpa6r)<; yap 5 
reOv€Ct)<;. 6 ^coKpdrrj<; 8e, 3> Ala/ce, irov irore dpa 
iarlv ; 

AIAK. Mera NeaTopos Kal UaXapLr)8ovs i/ceLvos 
Xrjpel rd iroXXd. 

MEN. f/ 0/xo)? e/3ovX6/njv loetv avTOVy el irov 10 
ivddSe early. 

AIAK. 'Opa? rov (f>a\afcp6v ; 

MEN. " Airavres cf)a\afcpoi elaiv coare irdvrwv 
av etrj tovto to yvcopiafxa. 

AIAK. Tov ac/xbv Xeyco* 15 

MEN. Kal tovto ofioiov at/jbol yap airavTes. 

2f2K. 'E/jue ^rjTeU, &> Meviirire ; 

MEN. Kal fidXa, w Hco/cpaTes. 

%fLK. Tl Ta ev " AQiqvais ; 

MEN. II0XX0I twv vecov fytXoaofyelv Xiyovai, 20 
Kal rd ye a^ijfiaTa avra Kal Ta ftaBlafiaTa el 
OedaatTO tis, aKpoi (^tXoaocfsoc. 

%£IK. MdXa ttoXXoxjs ecopaKa. 

MEN. AXXa ecopaKas, olfxai, olos rJKe irapa aol 
ApiaTnTTros Kal IIXutcov auTo?, 6 fjbev dwoTrvecov 25 
fivpov, Be tovs ev SiKeXia Tvpdvvovs Oepaireveiv 
eKfiaOoov. 

XflK. Tlepl efiov Be tl (f>povovacv ; 

MEN. EvBacfjLcov, c5 ScoKpaTes, avQpwTros el 
ra ye Toiavra' irdvTes yovv ae Qavp^dacov oXovrai 30 



148 AOTKIANOT 

dvBpa yeyevrjaOat Kal rrdvra iyvcoKevac Kal ravra — 
Bel yap, olfjuai, rdXrjOrj Xeyeiv — ovBev elBora. 

HI2K. Kal clvtos efyacncov ravra rrpbs avrovs, 
01 Be elpwveiav wovro ro Trpay/jua elvai. 
5 MEN. Tlves Be elaiv ovroi ol irepl ere ; 

%f2K. XapfilBrj^, w Meviirire, Kal $alBpo<; Kal 
o rod Kkeiviov. 

MEN. Ev ye, w HcoKpares, on KavravOa fierei, 
rrjv aavrov reyyr\v Kal oxjk dXiycopec? rcov KaXcov. 
io 2S2K. Tl yap av aXko rjBiov rrpdrroiyui ; aWct 
itXtjctlov tj/jlcov KaraKeiao, el BoKel. 

MEN. Ma AC, eVel irapa rov Kpolaov Kal rov 
^apBavdiraWov direipui ir\r)criov OLKijacov avroov 
eoiKa yovv oxjk okiya yeXdcrecrdai olfxco^ovrcov 

15 CLKOVCOV. 

AIAK. Kayco rjBr) direipbi, pJt) Kal Tt? 77/ia? 

veKpcbv Xddrj Btacfrvycbv. rd Xocird S* eaavdt<; b'tyei, 
a> Mevnnre. 

MEN. "AttlOl' Kal ravrl yap iKavd, <b AlaKe. 



6. (2.) 
nAOYTON H KATA MENIIIIIOY. 



KPOIH. Ov (pepofiev, &> IlXovrcov, Mevirnrov 1 
rovrovl rov Kvva rrapoiKOvvra* cbcrre r) eKelvov rroi 
Kardcrrrjaov rj rjfiels fxeroLKrjaofiev e? erepov roirov. 

UAOYT. Tl B' vfia? Beivbv ipyd^erai 6[ioveKpo<; 
cov ; 



NEKPIKOI AlAAOrOL 5. 6. 149 

KP0I2. 'ElTeiBdv T)/jL€IS OL/JL(t)£(0fJ,€V Kal CTTeVCOfieV 

eKelvcov /jL6/jLvt]/jL€voi tcov dvco, MtBas /xev ovroal 
tov yjpvcriov, ^apBavdiraXXo? Be Tr}<; iroXXrj<; 
Tpvcfrfjs, iyco Be Kpolo~o<; tcov drjaavpcov, einyeXa 
Kal e^oveiBl^ei dvBpdiroBa /ecu KaOdpfiara r)/jLa$ 5 
diroKaXwv, evioje Be Kal aBcov eiTLTapaTTei tj/jlcov 
rd<; ol/jLcoyds, Kal oXcos XvTrrjpos ean. 

UAOTT. Ti ravrd cfracriv, co Mevarire ; 

MEN. 'AXrjdrj, &> TIXovtcov fjuaco yap avrovs 
dyevvels Kal oXeOpow; ovras, oh ovk dwe-^prjae (Slco- 10 
vat /ca/cco?, dXXa teal diroOavovres en fie {jlvt) prat koX 
irepieyovTat tcov dvco * ^alpa Totyapovv dvicov avrovs. 

IIAOTT. 'AXX* ov XP 7 ! ' XvirovvTai yap ov 
fjiifcpwv arepo/ievoL. 

MEN. Kal av fjLcopatveis, co TIXovtcov, oyLto^^^o? 15 
tov tols tovtcov tTTevaypLols ; 

IIAOTT. OvBa/jicos, a\V ovk dv ideXoifii 
arao-id^eiv v/xd^. 

MEN. Kal firjv, co /cdfCMTTOi AvBtov Kal <J>pvya)v 
Kal ^ Aaavpicov, ovtco ytvcoaKere co? ovBe 7ravo~o/j,evov 20 
fiov • evOa yap dv Lyre, aKoXovdijcrco dvicov Kal 
KardBcov Kal KarayeXcov. 

KP0I2. Tavra ov% v/3pt<; ; 

MEN. Ovk, dXX' eKelva v(3pi<; tjv, a vfiel? 
eiroLelre, irpocrKwelo-Qai d^iovvres Kal eXevOepois 25 
dvBpdaiv ivTpvcpcovTes Kal tov davdrov to irapdirav 
ov fivrj/jbovevovres ■ rotyapovv oljJbco^eaOe TrdvTcov 
eKelvcov dcftrjprjfievoi. 

KPOIHi. IIoXXcov ye, co 6eoi, Kal fxeydXcov 
KTrj/Adrcov. 30 



150 A0TKIAN0T 

MIA. f/ 0o~ov fiev iyo) xpvcrov. 

SAP A. f/ 0<rr)<; Be iycb rpv(f>rj<;. 

MEN. Ev ye, ovrco irotelre • 6Bvpea6e fiev 
v/jieis, iyoa Be to <yvco0L cavrbv itoWclku; o-vvetpcov 
5 eiracrofxai vfilv irpeiroi yap av rais tolclvtcu? 
ol/j,6oyals eiraBofievov* 



7. (18.) 
MENinnOY KAI EPMOY, 

MEN. Ttov Be ol kclXol elo~iv rj at tcdkai, 
'Ep/Jif) ; ^evdyrjaov fxe verjkvv ovra. 

EPM* Ou o-%o\t] fjuoi, £ Meviinre* TrXrjv tear 

io e/celvo aTTofiXeyjrov, iirl ra Be%id, evOa 6 'TdtcivOos 

re eari Kal Ndp/ciaoio<; Kal Nipev? kol ^A^cWev^ 

Kal Tvpo) Kal 'EXevrj Kal ArjBa Kal o\o)? ra dp^ala 

irdvra /cdWrj. 

MEN. 'Ogtcl fiova 6pG) real icpavia rcov captconv 
is yvybvdy ofjuoca ra 7roWd. 

EPM, Kal fxrjv eKelvd eczw a •7rdvT€<; ol 
iroirjTal Oav/JLa^ovat ra oara, <av ait eoifca? 
fcaTacfypovelv. 

MEN. "OjjLcos rrjv r E\ev7)v /xot Belfjov ov yap 
*o av Biayvoiyv eycoye. 

EPM. Tovrl to Kpavlov r] r E\evr) iarlv, 

MEN. Elra Bid tovto at ^CKiai vrjes eTfhr)- 
pcoOijcrav ef dirdar}<; rrjs 'EWdBos Kal Toaovroc 



NEKPIKOI AlAAOrOI. 6. 7. 8. 151 

eTreaov r, EX\i)ve<s re Kal (3dp/3apoi teal roaavrat 
7roXet? avdararoi yeyovacriv ; 

EPM. 'AXX' ovk e2Se?, ft> Mevnnre, £coo~av ttjv 
yvvaiKa' e(f>7j<; yap av Kal av dve/JiearjTov elvai 

roif/ft dfi(f)\ yvva.ua. nokvv xpovov aXyea iracr)(€iv 5 

€7rel Kal ra ^av0rj ^fjpa ovra el Tt? /3Xeiroc 
diro/Se^XrjKora ttjv /3a(f)i]V, afiopcfra BrjXov ore avTco 
Bojjet,, ore fJuevTOL dvOel Kal e%ei tt\v %p6av, 
KaXXtard eaTiv. 

MEN. Ovkovv tovto, w 'Epfiij, davfid^G), el 10 
fjiT) avvleaav 01 *A%auH irepl irpdyp.aro^ ovtcos 
oXcyo^povlov Kal paBi(D<; airavOovvTos irovovvTe^. 

EPM. Ov ct^oXt] /lot, a> Mevi7T7re, avfufrtXoao- 
<f>elv aoc. ware av fjuev eTrtXetja/juevos tottov, evOa 
av ideXrjs, Kelao KaraftaXoov aeavTov, ey<o Be rov? is 
aXXovs veKpovs tjBtj fieTeXevao/iac. 



8. (25.) 
NIPEK KAI ©EP2ITOY KAI MENIIIIIOY. 

NIP. *IBov Bij, MevLTnros ovToal BcKaaec, 
TTOTe/oo? evfiopcfrorepos eaTiv. elire, cb MeviTnre, 
ov KaXXicov aoi Bokco ; 

MEN. T1W9 Be Kal ecrre ; irporepov, olfiat, 20 
%pr) yap tovto elBevac. 

NIP. Nipeix; Kal SepaiT^. 



152 AOTKIANOT NEKPIKOI AlAAOrOL 8. 

MEN. JTorepo? ovv 6 Nipev? Kal worepos 6 
@epaiTT)<; ; ovBeirca yap tovto BrjXov. 

@EP%. *Ev fiev tjBtj tovto eyw, on o/jlolos elfil 
<toi teal ovBev ttjXlkovtov Bta(j>epei<; rfkUov ae 
s "O/jLTjpos iiceivos 6 tv<J)\6$ eiryveaev aTrdvToav ev/xop- 
4>6repov 7rpo(T€i7r(ov, a\X' 6 (froths eyco Kal yjreBvbs 
ovBev %elp(ov e<pdvrjv rco BiKaa-Trj. opa Be o~v, <w 
Meviizire, ovTiva Kal evfiopfyorepov rjyf}. 

NIP. *E/ie ye rbv *Ay\atas Kal Xapo7ros, 
io bs KaWia-Tos dvfjp virb "Xkiov rfkOov. 

MEN. 'AX)C ov^l fcal vtto yrjv, &>? oljuat, 

koXXlctto^ rjXOes, dWd ra fiev oard ojjloicl, to Be 

Kpavlov ravry jjlovov dpa BiaicpivoiT av dirb rov 

Qepalrov Kpavlov , on evOpvTTTov to gov ■ dXa- 

15 iraBvbv yap avTo Kal ovk dvBpcoBes e^a?. 

NIP. Kal fJLT)V ipOV "OjJLTjpOV, 07r0l0<Z rjV, 67TOTe 

GwecrTpaTevov tols 'Amatols. 

MEN. ^OveipaTa jjloi Xeyecs • eyco Be ftXeTrco 
a Kal vvv e^et?, eKeiva Be oi TOTe laacriv. 
20 NIP. Oukovv eyco evTavQa ev/jLOpcfroTepos elfii, 
a> MeviTTire ; 

MEN. Ovtc av ovTe aXXos ev/JLopfyos' laoTipia 
yap ev aBov Kal o/jlolol airavTes. 

QEP2. 'Efjbol fiev Kal tovto ucavov* 



NOTES 



THE DREAM. 



INTRODUCTION. 

Lucian's Dream was probably written in the ripe manhood of 
the author, when, after a long sojourn in foreign lands, he had 
returned to his native town with full purse and great literary fame. 
It was the fashion for writers of that day to give public readings 
of their productions. This piece, in all likelihood, served as an 
introduction to a course of readings before his fellow-townsmen. 
Lucian has left several other such introductions, which he had 
used in various places. They are composed with much elegance 
and propriety: 'Herodotus or Aetion,' and ' Zeuxis or Antiochus,' 
are worthy of particular mention. 

No one of these special writings, however, is more graceful than 
the one before us ; and none certainly more appropriate to serve as 
an introduction to the study of Lucian's varied productions. It 
was probably an unusual thing for a young man of Samosata to de- 
vote himself to letters. So Lucian tells his countrymen — who no 
doubt were well aware of his lowly parentage and early poverty — 
how he happened to take this turn. His object was not simply to 
write gracefully about himself, but to give encouragement to young 
men of good parts but narrow means to seek after culture. 

Soon after he left school (he writes) his father decided to put 
him to a trade, and apprenticed him to his uncle, a statuary. He 
was sadly unfortunate in the first work he was set to do, was 
harshly corrected, and ran off home in tears. He sobbed himself 
to sleep that night, thinking of the events of the day. Soon a 
wonderful dream came to him ' through the ambrosial night.' Two 
women — the one ugly, the other fair — seem to seize him, and to 



156 THE DREAM. 

contend with each other for the complete mastery of his person. 
These prove to be ' Statuary ' and ' Culture.' At last they give 
over their strife, and proceed to plead their cause in fine rhetoric 
and with great force of argument. Statuary is heard through ; but 
before Culture has finished her harangue, Lucian decides in her 
favor. Thereupon, after vain show of anger, Statuary is changed 
into a block of marble ; and Culture treats Lucian to a marvellous 
trip through the air, in which he scatters, like Triptolemus, some- 
thing upon the earth below, whereat people greatly rejoice and 
shout their good wishes after him. 

Here the dream, in which Lucian has given a rather strained 
and over-fanciful picture of his life, comes to an end. Lucian adds 
that he has told this for no idle purpose. By recalling his career, 
young men will be stimulated not to give up in the face of poverty 
and difficulties, but to press forward in pursuit of culture. 

Whether Lucian actually had such a dream or not, we of course 
cannot say. It is extremely improbable. The dream has ever 
been a favorite rhetorical device. The vision of Er with which 
Plato finishes his Republic, and. Cicero's ' Somnium Scipionis,' 
may be mentioned for antiquity ; while, not to refer to ' Piers 
Plowman ' or ' Pilgrim's Progress,' Byron's ' The Dream,' Tenny- 
son's ' Dream of Fair Women,' and Lowell's ' The Parting of the 
Ways' and number two of the second series of the ' Biglow Papers,' 
may serve as modern examples. The properties of Lucian's Dream 
are borrowed from the ' Choice of Heracles,'* the famous apologue 
of Prodicus, and are somewhat lumbering. The rhetoric is at 
times in bad taste, as in the far-fetched comparison of himself to 
Triptolemus. But the impression created by the whole piece is in 
the highest degree pleasurable. 

* See X. Mem. 2, i, 21 fit 



NOTES. 157 



NOTES. 

After consultation with friends, Lztciari 's father apprentices him to his tcncle. 
His first work is a failure ; he is severely punished, and runs home : that 
night he sobs himself to sleep. 

Page 1. 1. tfpn \ikv eireir. . . 6 8e, ' I had just ceased . . . when my 
father.' The clauses are co-ordinated with jx4v and 5e, as often, where in 
Eng. we subordinate the second to the first. Cf. X. Mem. 2, 7, 11 ; Dem. 

de Cor. 160. <j>oitwv : G. 279, 1 ; MT. 112, 1 ; H. 796, a* 2. t^|v 

t|\ik. irpos. <5Jv, ' being already well on in my teens.' Cf. below, 16, 
avTiirais. In his sixteenth or seventeenth year. Consult Beck. Char. 
Excur. to Sc. i., near end. 3. 8 ti kcu 818. jjlc, 'just what he should have 
me taught.' '6 ti tcai = quid tandem. Kat often has this idiomatic use 
in Lucian. Cf. Char. 9 (18, 10) ; t Piscat. 16 and 45. For same use, cf. 
also X. Anab. 3, 5, 18; Symp. 1, 15; Dem. de Cor. 24. Observe force 
of mid. 5t5a£an-o ; for mood, v. G. 243 ; MT. 70, 2 ; H. 736. 4. o€v : 

here, as often, this particle marks rather rhetorical than logical sequence. 
Compare the Orations of Demosthenes, where it is regularly used to indi- 
cate transition from introduction to body of oration. Consult K. 545, 3. 
In this use hardly translatable. ' The most, you must know, were of the 

opinion,' may possibly give it. g8o£« ira.18. : personal construction 

where we prefer impersonal; so very frequently. Cf. Lat. videor; v. 

MT. 92, 2, n. 2; H. 777 ircuStia, 'higher education,' 'culture,' with 

something of the cant force which attaches to this latter word nowadays. 

\iiv finds its correlative, not in 5e, 1. 6, which is simply continuative, 

1 while,' but in Se, 1. 8, as the contrast is between letters and a trade. 
5. ov piKpds, 'no slight,' 'vast'; litotes. 6. tijxt|s \a,|nr. , fortuna 

splendida, ' a splendid fortune,' in just our sense. For similar use of 
Ka/xirpSs cf. Piscat. 34; Menip. 12; also X. Symp. 1, 4. 7. TaxeioLv 
nva t. liriK. = ry]v iiriK. % ToxeTa rts i<TTiv. This sort of brachylogy is 
common with Lucian. Cf. Char. 4 (13, 20), 11 (20,4), 15 (23, 13) ; Cock, 
6 (67, n). ris so used with adj. indicates that it is not taken in its full 

* G. = Goodwin's Grammar ; MT. := Goodwin's Moods and Tenses. H. = Hadley's 
Grammar. C. = Curtius. K. = Kuhner's Ausfurhliche Grammatik. M. =: Madvig's 
Greek Syntax. The other abbreviations, it is thought, will be readily understood. 

t The numbers in parenthesis refer to page and line of this edition. Others of Lucian's 
writings not found in this book will be referred to by Latin title. 



158 THE DREAM. 

sense; often about equivalent to our 'rather,' or 'pretty' used adverbially. 
Cf. X. Mem. I, 3, 12: us 8eivf)v riva \eyeis bvvafiiv rov (piXrj/naros chat. 
Lat. quidam has the same use; cf. Cic. Lael. 13, 48: qui virtutem duram 
et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt. 8. tovtwv : somewhat contemp- 
tuous, like Lat. iste: 'If I should become master of one of your ordinary 
trades.' The common handicrafts were considered by the ancients dis- 
reputable for a free-born citizen to follow. Cf. X. Oecon. 4, 2-3; 6, 5: 
Aristotle, Pol. I, 13. Consult also Beck. Char. Sc. v. n. 17. The con- 
struction rex v V v T - fiav. = fiauavaov rex-, may be paralleled by Icarom. 3, 
yvira r. KapTepav. 9. '^x €lv : this an d foil. infs. dependent upon e5o£e 

above, but with change of person. &v belongs also to elucu ; G. 212, 4; 
MT. 42, 4. In the direct discourse both these verbs would be opt. ; 
G. 224; MT. 50, 2; H. 748. In ev((>pave7v we have another apodosis, 
which presupposes a protasis with subj. ; as though the speculative 
et eKfj-dBoifii were repeated in fact, as it is in thought, in the more vivid 
iav iKfidOco, — certainty taking the place of probability ; K. 576, b. 
Such blendings of the different conditional forms are not uncommon; 
G. 227 ; MT. 54, 2 (a) ; H. 750. But it is noticeable to find apodoses of 
different forms with the same protasis. In Dem. Phil. I, 11-12, we have 
an instructive instance of the vivid future and the speculative conditional 
placed side by side with reference to the same event. That, and such 
uses as the one before us, as also the common confusion in English, show 
how easy it was to pass from one to the other or to combine the two. 
10. p/r]K€V : according to regular Attic usage in indirect discourse, we 
ought to have here ovk4t\ G. 283, 3; C. 615, 3; K. 514. yA\, the sub- 
jective negative, or negative of the will, came more and more into use 
with all late writers. Lucian constantly conforms to the usage of his 
times in this respect, notwithstanding his great zeal for a pure Attic style. 
This tendency shows itself in isolated cases even in classic times. Cf. 
X. Mem. 1, 2, 39, and 41. For full discussion, with special reference to 
Lucian, see Prof. Gildersleeve's article, ' Encroachments of ixt\ on ov in 

Later Greek,' Am. Jour, of Phil., Vol. I. No. 1 oIkoo-itos, ' dependent 

upon my father.' 11. ovk els piaK., ' before a great while,' often recurs; 
cf. below, 10; Char. 8; Dem. Olyn. 2, 20. ovk, while belonging to the 
phrase, should be taken in translation with [xanpdv. For this word, 
v. H. 509, b (a) — a transfer to time of its use as an adverbial expression 
of extent of space. 12. del rb -ytv., ' my regular earnings.' aei' belongs 
to oLTTCHpipcav, but may be freely construed with rb yiv. For rb ytp., cf. 
Tim. 49 (56, 25); Tox. 18; Alex. 54; X. Anab. 1, 1,8. 2. 12. Sevre'pas 



NOTES. 159 

. . . irpovT€'8i], • a second point came up for full discussion.' 14. ck- 

fjLa0€tv : G. 261, 2 ; MT. 93, 2 ; H. 767 avSpl IX. irpeir. : so not strictly 

a rex^r] fidvavo-os after all. 15. irpoyj&pov k\. t. xop. : Lucian mani- 

fests a special liking for the predicate adj. Cf. just above, 1. 7 ; below, 
X/"70"Tas e?xoi/ t. iXiriSas ; Char. 3 (12, 15); and often. We do not use 
an article in such a case : ' requiring moderate expense, and likely to 

produce sufficient income.' xoptyyiav : originally the cost of equipping 

and training a chorus for a public festival, the chief of the extraordinary 
services, \eirovpyiai, required by law of the wealthier Athenian citizens 
(Bockh Publ. Econ., bk. 3, ch. 22) ; then transferred to any expense. 
16. dXXov &AX' eiraiv. : as in Lat., alio aliam commendante. iiraiv., 
'recommending.' «s ^Kacrros . • • &X iv > 'according as each had knowl- 
edge or experience.' With the intransitive use of ex etJ/ accompanied by 
an adv., it is not unusual to find an explanatory gen.; G. 168, n. 3; 
H. 589; K. 419, 5. Frequent in Lucian. Cf. just below, (pva-ews ye ex Q>v 
5e£i<Js ; Symp. 8 ; Jup. tr. 7. 19. €p|xo-y\v<f>os, ' a Hermae-carver,' 

1 a statuary.' Posts with heads of Hermes were used as boundary-stones, 
as Hermes was the god of boundaries. Houses, temples, etc., at Athens, 
had one before the door. That Hermae were held in high reverence is 
shown by the indignation of the Athenians at their general mutilation the 
night before the Sicilian expedition set out; v. Thucyd. 6, 27. Lucian's 
uncle, it would seem, was a stone-mason and a statuary at the same time, 
a union of trades not unlikely in a provincial town. Below we have 
ep/j.oy\v(pevs, a solecism; but L. doubtless wrote this word. Cf. Cobet, 

V. L. p. 81 Sokwv, * had the reputation.' Cf. X. Mem. 4, 2, 6 ; Plat. 

Apol. 21 B , for same sense Xi0o£6os . . . cvSok. : quite possible that 

these words are a gloss, and should be removed from the text. Some 
editors do so. At all events, it would be better Greek to write tvBoKijxos, 
as is seen by comparing Plat. Crito, 43 C, i\v iyh iv ro7s PapuraT Uv 
iveyxaifit. Full construction were, \i9. iv t. cvSok. ixaKiara €v86ki/j.os. As 
this stands unconnected with what precedes, it is most natural to consider 
it epexegetical. But it may be asyndeton. Many insert kclL 

P. 2. 1. 8€fus> f as - 2. dXXd, 'so take the lad.' aXkd often suscep- 
tible of this translation with the imperative ; cf. Plato, Phaedo 58 D. 
3. SiSdo-Kou : here, as below, 10, and in many other places in Lucian, 
the mid. does not differ from the act. The mid. of this verb often so 
used by late writers. Most editors correct here to SldaaKe ; but v. Cob. 
V. L. p. 310-31 1. Fritzsche appears to have misunderstood Cob., and 
quotes him as authority for change. Of course, no classic prose writer 



l60 THE DREAM. 

would have thus confounded the voices. But Lucian, with all his care- 
fulness, constantly violated Attic precedents, and it is absurd to attempt 
to correct all his solecisms. Fritzsche, however, asserts that the con- 
fusion in voices is limited to fut. and aor. In that case, 5i8d<ricov may be 
a blunder of the copyist. 5. <jjvo-€tos . . . Se^iws, ' for he 's naturally 
clever, you know.' ye emphasizes the word after which it is placed. 
Stress of voice best reproduces it in Eng. usually. 6. €T€K|xaip€To, 
ktA., ' he got this notion from my playing with the wax.' The wax 
with which the writing tablets were covered ; hence the article. 7. oitotc 
a<f>e0eu]v . . . &v . . . &v€7r\aTTov : for moods, v. G. 233 ; MT. 62 ; 
H. 760, c. : for &y, v. G. 206; MT. 30, 2; H. 704. 8. {Boas: Attic would 
be fiovs. 9. eltcoTtos, ' true to nature.' 11. totc : the time of the 
consultation. 12. XP 1 ! "™? : for pred. adj., v. above, and cf. Alciphr. 
1, 21, 1. 13. dir* . . . ir\ao-TiKf]s, 'from my fondness for moulding 

the wax.' The pronoun €Ke?vos very often best reproduced in Eng. by 
a noun. For sentiment of this- passage, cf. Ar. Clouds, 877 ff., where 
Strepsiades recommends Pheidippides to Socrates : 

a.fjie\ei, SCSa<TKe • 6viJ.6cro(j>6<; lariv (f>v<rei ' 
evOvs ye toi 7raiSaptov ov tvvvovtovX 
enkaTTev evSov oi/a'as vavs t eyXxxfaev, 
ajuafi'Sa? re <rKVTiva.<; eipyagero, 
kcuc t&v triSt'coi/ /SaTpa^ous e7rotei jrw? 60/ceis. 

3. 15. &}Jia T6 . . . &x0o[ji€vos, ' so, no sooner was a day thought suitable 
for beginning work than I was put in the charge of my uncle, not greatly 
disturbed in truth at my prospect.' Co-ordination where we subordinate 
the second clause, as above, I. Especially common with afxa re — nai 
(also without re) ; v. C. 624 b, 2, n. (cf. Lat. simul ac). Cf. Tim. 20 

(42, 14). T€x.vns : general sense, hence no article. 16. irapeSeSdfj/nv: 

for similar change of tense, cf. below, 14. The Greek pluperfect, unlike 
the Latin and English, does not express an action as previous to some 
past action, but a completed action of the past, the effect of which is 
enduring ; sustaining thus precisely the same relation to the imperfect as 
the perfect to the present, and so often used in connection with the im- 
perfect in narrative. This principle seems to have been overlooked by 
the school grammars. Consult K. 385. Here, not ' I had been put in 
the charge,' but ' I was put in the charge,' — for good and all, i.e. with 
the expectation of my remaining. 18. ovk a,T€pirii, ' not displeasing,'= 
' very pleasing'; litotes. 19. TjXtKiwras, 'play-fellows.' Lat. aequales. 
^jriSeigiv, ' chance for showing off.' «l <j>cuvo£}M]v, ' if I should be 



NOTES. l6l 

seen'; has this meaning always with participles, H. 802 ; 'seem' with 
infs. Either the opt. is ind. disc, for %v <paiva>/j.ai, when the apodosis 
should be eletv, or it is the regular protasis of the fourth form, when &v 
with exeij/ would be expected. In either event the irregularity is striking: 
the fut. idea of the apod, being implied. But see MT. 50, I, Rem. 1 ; 
54, 2 (a). It is possible the author thought of this conditional clause as 
the subject of e'SJ/ce*, considering it equivalent to an inf. <palvecrdai : 'but 
to be seen carving gods, etc., seemed to me to promise a sort of pas- 
time, etc' 20. dYaXjidna jxiKpa, ' little statuettes.' 21. 01s : 

assimilation, G. 153; H. 80S to -ye irpwrov, 'at the very first ' ye 

emphasizes by limitation ; Lat. qicidem. H. 850, 1. For rb irpu., v. 
G. 160, 2 ; H. 552, a. 22. eyivtro : imp. marks more vividly than aor. 

would have the immediate beginning of his troubles. eyKoire'a nvd, 

'a sort of chisel.' 23. 8ovs : G. 277, 1 ; H. 788, a. The participle in 
such uses expresses an action preliminary and preparatorv to that of 
the main verb. We with less logical accuracy make the statements co- 
ordinate, and say, ' my uncle gave me a sort of chisel, and directed 

me, etc' Tipe'jm, 'quietly,' 'gently,' from the same root as ipruxos. 

Ka3itdor8cu, 'to come down upon,' ; to strike'; fob by gen. G. 171, 1; 

H. 574, b. 24. cv fie'crw, 'between us.' lircnrwv to koivov, 'quoting 

as he did so (hri) the adage, "well begun is half done."' Lucian, 
Hermot. 3, ascribes this proverb to Hesiod. There is no other authority 
for this. Iamblichus credits it to Pythagoras ; Polybius simply to the 
ancients. Cf. Horace, Epis. 1, 2, 40: dimidinm facti qui coepit habet. 
25. toi: in origin ethical dat. of cv = ' you know.' It no more 
than 8e is a part of the adage. 84 connects it with what the uncle had 

just said ; toi marks it as well known and familiar. KarevevKOVTos : 

sc ijxov ; cf. below, 17, AeyovTos. G. 278, I, n. ; MT. no, 1, n. 2 ; 
H. 791, a For similar idiom in Lat., v. Tac Ann. 1, 5. The object of 
the participle is of course iyKoirea 28. jjlov Karri pfjcn-o, ' made a begin- 
ning of me,' 'put me through an initiation.' Kara.pxofj.ai, as a technical 
religious term, meant, first, to begin the sacrifices : Od. 3, 445; Hdt. 4, 103. 
Then it was followed by the gen. of the victim (G. 171, 1; H 574, £), 
and got the meaning ' to consecrate,' ' to sacrifice ' (lit. ' to make a begin- 
ning of the victim for sacrifice') : Ar. Birds, 959. In this single instance 
the word seems, from the meaning ' to consecrate,' to be used in a semi- 
humorous figurative sense = Lat. initiare. 28. w<tt« . . . t€x.vt]s : sc. 
iytvero. 4. 30. <rvve\4s: neut. adj. as adv., G. 74, 2; H. 226. 

P. 3. 1. avakvlmv, ' sobbing aloud ' : rare word ; same root as Germ. 

11 



■I 62 THE DREAM. 

schhichzen. Saxpvwv : G. 172, I; 180, 1; H. 584, b. tovs 6<f>9. : 

G. 160, 1 ; H. 549 2. Snrvovfiai t. <tkv., ' I recount the whip,' 

1 I tell the story of my flogging.' Notice the brevity of expression. 

3. KaTtryopouv : sc. avrov. iroXXir|V Tiva : cf. rax^dv riva above, I. 

4. jx-fj . . . tureppdX. : G. 218, n. 2; MT. 46, n. 4. Apprehension or 
fear implied in <pd6vov. Notice that we have here the subj. fol. a second- 
ary tense: G. 216, 2; MT. 44, 2, R. ; H. 740, a. Vividness of narrative 
is thereby heightened. 5. d7QvaKTi]crajj.evT]s : almost the only instance 
of the mid. According to ordinary usage, we should have ayavaKr-qada-qs. 
8. Tf|v <TKi>. del evvowv : the usual reading is tV vvx$ o\t\v iwowvy 
after which recent editors suppose some words have fallen out, as 
to <rvfxfSa.vTa iaTpe^ofx-qv (with which cf. II. 24, 5; and Ar. Clouds, 36), 
since it is quite unlikely ivvo&v should be used absolutely. The present 
editor has adopted the reading of Steigerthal (det, however, is due to 
Sommerbrodt), which seems the simplest and most reasonable way out 
of the difficulty. That Lucian placed great stress upon the c/cutoAtj 
appears clearly from what he says below in 14 and 16. Fritzsche's 
point, that /cat is an insurmountable objection to this reading, seems not 
well taken. 

He has a wonderful dream. Two women seem to grasp him, and strive with 
each other for complete mastery of him. 

5. 9. p.€ipa,KiiS5T], ' puerile.' 10. €VKaTatj>p6vr|Ta : as well as SeJutco, 
predicate of to. 11. k<u iravv : /cat serves simply to emphasize irdw, 
like Ka\ fiaXa. Cf. X. Mem. I, 3, 13. This intensive use of Kai is very 
common in Lucian, not only in such phrases as this, which were used 
by every one, but in all sorts of expressions. 12. ko,0' "Op.T|pov, 
' in the language of Homer,' a common use of Kara by Lucian. 
14. 6eios p-oi, ktA. : words of Agamemnon, II. 2, 56 f. ; quoted again in 
part in Cock, 8. 16. diroXeiTreo-Sai t. 6Xr\ , ' fall short of reality.' 
G. 174; H. 580. 17. -yovv, 'at any rate.' 19. evavXos, ' rings in 
my ears.' 6. 20. 8vo ■yrvatKes: the following narrative is an imitation 
of the famous and much finer Apologue of Prodicus, ' Heracles at the 
Road-forks'; for which see X. Mem. 2, 1, 21 ff., and cf. Silius Italicus, 
xv, 18 ff., where it is transferred to Scipio. Lowell has put the same 
idea into one of his most earnest poems, • The Parting of the Ways.' For 
the wrangle of the two females, compare also the controversy between 
the At/catos A6yos and "ASikos A6yos in the Clouds of Aristophanes, 8S9 ff. 
21. tcuv x. € P°^ v : better Attic usage would require ro?v : G. 78, n. 2 ; 



NOTES. 163 

H. 521; K. 368, A. 2. For case, G. 171, 1; H. 574, b. 22. juKpov, 
'within a little'; full construction below, 16, fiiKpov 8e?v, which see. 
Just equivalent to irapb. (junp6v of next sentence. b\iyov and b\iyov Se?v 
used in the same way. 23. &pn p£v &v . . . dpri 8e, ktA., i one 
moment the one would be getting the mastery, . . . the next I would, etc' 
&v, frequentative ; v. above, 2, tt.v avzirXaTTov. 24. irapd pixpov, 

'beside a little' = ' almost.' Lucian uses irapa bxiyov in same sense. 
Cf. irapa iro\6. 26. avrfjs Svto, pe, 'me who belonged to her.' G. 169, 1 ; 
II. 572, c. 27. (BovXoito . . . avTi-rroioiTo : subject in each case not the 
speaker, but the one addressed. tuv aXXoTpiwv, ' another's posses- 
sions.' 28. tjv 8£ tj \ilv, kt\., ' the one looked like a laboring woman, 
masculine in appearance, with dishevelled hair, and hands covered with 
calluses. Her gown was tucked up, and she was covered all over with 
marble dust; in fact, just like my uncle when chipping at his marbles.' 

P. 4. 1. £e'oi : iterative, like cKpedelriv above, 2, q. v. 2. to (r\r\. 
€v. k. KOO-. t. dva., 'in figure comely, and elegant in dress.' Notice 
chiastic arrangement. Not rare in English, as Milton, ' dulcet symphonies 
and voices sweet ' ; and Lowell, 

' Whether we look, or whether we listen, 
We hear life murmur, or see it glisten ; ' 

see also second line of poetry quoted just below. 

They appeal to Lucian for decision, and plead their case before him. First, 
' Statuary ' makes her plea. 

4. ecjnatri, 'appeal to me': technical law term. PovXoihtjv : G. 241, 3; 

H. 736. 7. 7. oiKEia, 'of your household,' 'familiar or friendly to 

you.' 10. Kal p-dXa, 'very'; emphatic. Cf. Kal ttolvv above, 5, and 
X. Cyr. 6, 1, 36. 11. Xifjpwv k. <}>Xt)., ' stuff and nonsense.' Such ex- 
pressions of contempt for culture not infrequent in the mouths of Lucian's 
Philistine characters. Modern Philistinism echoes the same sentiments. 
Cf. Hamerton, ' The Intellectual Life,' ix. iv. ff. 13. -rrpwra piv, ' first 

and foremost'; cf. X. Mem. 1, 4. 13. 0pe\|/Tj -ycv , 'you will fare well,' 

or 'you will enjoy hearty food.' 14. KapTtpovs : pred., cf. above, 2. 

For sentiment, compare Ar. Clouds, 1009 ff., where the Aikcugs \6yos, in 
speaking of the old Athenian training, says : 

f)V Tavra noifjS ayia (^pd^oj, 

Kai irpbs tov'tois 7rpo<re'x7)? rbv vovv, 

efiiS del crTrjflo? Kmapov, 

Xpoiav XevKTjV, <ip.ovs fj. ey d \ov <;, 

y\(j)TTav |3cuar. 



164 THE DREAM. 

Likely as not, L. had this passage in mind. 15. aXXdTpios, ' an alien 

to,' ' inexposed to.' err I t. aXXoS., ' abroad.' The literati and philoso- 
phers of the day wandered from place to place peddling their intellectual 
wares by private instruction and public readings. How strong the feeling 
of local patriotism among the ancients was, and how great a misfortune it 
was considered to leave one's native place, may be gathered from the 
concluding chapters of Plato's Apology, and from the wailings of 

' Ovid in Pontus, puling for his Rome 
Of men invirile and disnatured dames, 
That poison sucked from the Attic bloom decayed.' — Lowell. 

17. €7rl Xoyois, 'for mere words'; strongly sarcastic. oAA' cV tpyois 
at once suggests itself. 8. p.^ ... to mvapdv, ' do not be shocked 

at the meanness of my appearance ner the squalor of my garb.' For 
mood, G. 254; H. 720, b. For rb euTeAe's, etc., G. 139, 2; H. 509, c. 
Lucian is fond of neuter adj. for abstract noun. 20. <t»€i8£as ckcivos, 
' the famous Phidias.' i/celt/os is thus often used of well-known or cele- 
brated persons or objects: cf. Ar. Clouds, 534. K. 467, 13. Compare Lat. 
tile, as Cic. de imp. Pomp. 9, 22 : ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam 

profugisse dicitur. Roby, Lat. Gram. 2259, f. 28ei|6 tov Aia, 'showed 

us Zeus,' ' set Zeus before us in life-like shape.' <l>€i8£as, of Athens, 

the most celebrated sculptor of antiquity, a contemporary of Pericles. 
His masterpieces were the wonderful chryselephantine statues of colossal 
size of Athena and Zeus; the one enshrined in the Parthenon on the 
Acropolis at Athens, the other (referred to in the text) for 800 years the 
envied possession of Olympia in Elis. Zeus was represented after the 
conception of Homer, II. 1, 528 ff. This was considered the most perfect 
product of the plastic art. LToXvkXcitos, of Sicyon, a younger con- 
temporary and rival of Phidias ; like him, pupil of Aegladas : his 
statue of Hera, at Argos, like Olympian Zeus of Phidias, the model for 
all succeeding times. He reached such perfection in the representation 
of the human form that one of his pieces, the dopv<pcpos, was known as 

' the canon' {kclvcHv). Mvpwv, of Eleutherae, a fellow-pupil with Poly- 

cletus. He worked chiefly in bronze; especially famous were his discus- 
thrower and a bronze cow. The Greek anthology still preserves nearly 

forty epigrams in praise of the latter UpafjiTeXTjs, of Athens, flourished 

about the middle of the fourth cent. B.C. He preferred marble. He 
excelled in the soft beauty and graceful charm of his figures, but had less 
of the simple majesty that characterized the sculptors of the preceding 
century. The Aphrodite of Cnidus his most famous work. For further 



NOTES. 165 

information concerning these artists, see art-histories, especially Liibke, 
bk. 2, 1. 23. d -y^'voto . . . Soijeis : not unusual blending of con- 

ditional forms by Lucian ; MT. 54, 2, a. Similar confusion frequent in 

Eng. irws ov, ' how not ' = ' assuredly.' 27. 8iairralov<ra . . . 

iroXXd, ' stammering continually, and speaking for the most part in bar- 
barous phrase.' Sto7rToia> occurs nowhere^ else ; it marks the lack of 
fluency, while fiapfiap. is no doubt a fling at the provincial dialect of 
Samosata. 28. |id\a 8f| o-irovSr} <ruv€ipov<ra : usually interpreted 

to mean, 'speaking connectedly with extreme difficulty'; but that would 
be only a reiteration of the idea already clearly expressed by tiairraiovaa, 
and sounds very awkward when taken with what follows. Better take 
o-7rovdf} in its commoner meaning, and translate the contemptuous (cf. 
Dem. de Cor. 309) avueipovaa literally: 'stringing her words together with 
great earnestness, and doing her best to win me over.' 30. t& irXsiara 
. . . 8ie'<|>vy€v, ' for the most she said escaped my memory at once,' — 
driven out by the speech that followed. For i}5rj in this sense, cf. Cock, 
12 (72, 15); Thucyd. 1, 18. K. 499, 2. 

Then ' Culture'' eloquently sets forth the glories of a literary career. 

P. 5. 2. <S8€ irctfs, ' about as follows.' 7rws disclaims verbal accuracy. 
9, 2. IlaiSeia, ' Culture.' 3. o-uvtjOtjs, kt\. : from his school life. 

els tc'Xos, 'perfectly.' 4. p.ov: G. 171, 1; H. 574. 5. ovScv 

6ti [li], 'nothing but'; on, it will be remembered, is adv. ace. of oa-ris. 
Lit., then, ' there is nothing as to which you will not.' /xi), where better 
Greek, ovk; v. note to 1. 7. tovtw = t<£ ipydfeaticu. 8. oXtya, 

kt\., 'your earnings scanty and paltry.' 9. evreX^s t. irpo., 'incon- 

siderable when you appear in public'; i.e. without attendants or clients 
who thronged about the wealthy and the powerful. 10. €-rri8iKd<ri|jLos, 

'contended about in court ' = ' much sought after'; rare word. Some 

make it active, ' useful in court,' 'a good advocate.' <|)£X<hs, kt\., dat. of 

reference. 11. avTo pto'vov, ' only just a workman.' Common in Lucian, 
cf. Char. 6 (15, 21), as also avrb tovto; adv. ace. 12. twv . . . 8tj|xov, 
' one of the common herd.' Such a use of the part. gen. without efs or 
Tts, peculiar to Lucian. Cf. Apol. 15; Adv. indoct. 8. Fritzsche writes 
here tov dr)fxov efs, rbv act Trpoti., an emendation which commends itself. 
The common reading is the same, except that aei stands before t6v. 

Unlikely, from the meaning of aei. 6 iroXvs 8f}fjLcs = ol iroWoi, vulgus. 

cis del, ' your whole life through.' Cf. Char. 17 (25,8). 14. Xa-yu> 

. . . £«v : proverbial of a life subject to continual harassing. Cf. 



1 66 THE DREAM. 

Dem. de Cor. 263 ; Hdt. 3, 108 ^pjiaiov, ' godsend ' ; from Hermes, 

patron god of all treasure-trove and sudden luck : v. note to Tim. 24. 
Here about equal to ' plaything.' 15. d -yevoio . . . €-ircuv€<rovT<u 
6#£aiT &v : blending of third and fourth forms of cond. in apodosis 

after protasis of fourth; v. note to 1. iroXXd 0cu>. : usually iro\vs is 

connected with fol. adj. by Kai, as 1. 25 below. Cf. Dem. 20, 112. 
17. ovk &tt. '6s = ovSeis. 18. 010s &v V[s, ' however good a sculptor 
you may be.' 10. 20. ^v 8' : Se corresponds to yueV, 1. 4, but the 

antithesis is very slight. 21. '^rya : includes both irpa&is and \6yovs. 
23. ws elireiv, ' so to say/ ' about ' ; restrictive of ttolvtuv. G. 268 ; 

H. 772. fy/impov: sc. ere. 24. 0-0 1 : dat. of interest; G. 184,3; 

H. 597. tfirep tcvp. Ioti, ' the part which is supreme in you.' Neuter 

relative thus used regardless of the gender of the antecedent, when the 
writer had in mind not a particular but the universal concept; on the 
same principle on which a pred. adj. is often put in neuter regardless of 
gender of subject. Cf. X. Mem. 1, 2, 54. K. 361, 2. 29. «s dXTjGdis, 
verissime. us in this and similar expressions strengthens positive as it 
does superlative : in origin, however, probably like our idiom, ' as true 
as true.' K. 555, A. 15. The phrase emphasizes aKriparos, 'really genu- 
ine.' X.^o-€i . . . p.€T 4p.ov, ' the entire history of the past and the 

demands of the present you will understand ; nay, more, with me at your 
side, even the secrets of futurity you will foresee.' Notice chiastic 
arrangement. In fact, 'Culture' promises the young Lucian what the 
hero of ' Locksley Hall' was after his 'youth sublime.' She will nourish 
him 'with the fairytales of science and the long result of time'; 'the 
centuries behind' him shall repose ' like a peaceful land'; the promise of 
the present shall be understood ; and he shall dip 'into the future far as 
human eye could see,' and catch some 'vision of the world' and of the 
coming 'wonder.' 

P. 6. 1. Kal 8\a>s, ' in a word.' 2. ovk e. p,aic. : v. above, I. 

3. 8i8d£o|xcu : v. above, 2, note on SiSdo-nov. 11, 3. 6 tov 8civos, 

' the son of What 's-his-name.' 4. 6 povXeuo-ap-evos . . . tcxvt]s, ' who 
had thoughts about so ignoble a trade.' ovtw follows the word it modi- 
fies, as above, 7, and not seldom. 5. J^Wros k. €iruf>., 'emulated and 
envied.' 6. eirl t. dp£. cvSok., ' in high repute as a man of most excel- 
lent talents.' ivl causal. ro?s aplcrrois neuter; cf. eV ayaOols in X. Mem. 
2, I, 27. The Latin version makes it ob rerum optimarum cultum ins ig- 
nis. 8. &7ro|3\€'n , 6p.€vo$, 'admired.' 10. apx^s: under the emperors 
of the second century, scholars were often advanced to royal offices; 



NOTES. 167 

v. Merivale, Hist, of the Romans, ch. lx. Lucian himself held office at 

one time in Egypt; v. his Apologia, 12. irpoeSpias : the privilege of 

reserved or first seat at the theatre, accorded to men of rank. Cf. Ar. 
Knights, £02 ff. Here perhaps more general ; we may translate ap. k. 
irpoe., 'office and public distinction.' 11. dyvis k dtp., 'unknown 
and unnoticed.' 13. Totavra : pred., ' such are the marks, etc.' 

14. ovros €K6ivos, ' that 's he,' ' that *s the man.' Cf. Lucian's Herodo- 
tus. 2 ; Persius, Sat. 1, 28 : 

At pnlchrum digilo motistrari et dicier II 1 c est. 

12. 15. ti o-irov. &£., * anything serious,' ' any misfortune.' 18. 

8vvd|i.€U)s: G. 173, 1; H. 577, a. 19. tov iraT. . . . evScu., 'congratu- 

lating your father on having such a son.' Cf. Ar. Wasps, 1512. For 
sentiment, ib. 1275 f., and Clouds, 1206 ff. 20. 8 8e \ty. . . irepi- 
iroiT)o-ft>, ' the common saying, that forsooth some men attain even (/cat) 
immortality, I will realize in your case.' apa in such connections is often 
ironical. Lucian assumes no responsibility for the popular belief. The 
kind of immortality, that of his works, which he here predicts of himself, 
he has fully gained. Cf. the similar prediction of Horace, exegi monu- 

mentum, etc., 3, 30. 23. o~vvu>v : v. to (poirau above, I tois ireirai., 

'the cultured.' 24. ATjfJioo-Oevnv (384-321 B.C.), the patriotic orator 
and statesman of Athens in the period of struggle against the rising 
power of Macedon. His father was a wholesale cutler and upholsterer 
in good circumstances. Lucian rhetorically exaggerates the lowliness of 

his birth. 25. exavov: v. above to 8. rlvos • . • tjXikov «roi., 

1 whose son he was, and how great I made him.' Two interrogative sen- 
tences are thus often in Greek, as sometimes in Latin, condensed into one. 
Cf. X. Mem. 2, 2, 3; Dem. Phil. 1, 36. K. 587, 7. 26. AUrxivnv : 

celebrated Athenian orator, inferior only to Demosthenes, whose rival 
and political opponent he was. He was retained by Philip, and was the 
chief mouthpiece of the Macedonian party at Athens. His mother, 
Glaucothea, was a priestess of some sort of not very reputable religious 
mysteries. At the initiations it was usual to beat a kettle-drum (TVfiiravov). 
This was sufficient to give Dem. ground for styling Aeschines (de Cor. 
284) contemptuously ' the son of a kettle-drummer.' Lucian repeats it 
here in all soberness. For full account of these orators, v. Mahaffy, 
Hist. Greek Lit. vol. ii. 27. SwKpdTTjs (469-399 B.C.), father of Greek 
ethical philosophy. He was the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and in 
his early years is said to have followed his father's calling : v. Grote, 



1 68 THE DREAM. 

ch. lxviii. ; Curtius, bk. v. ch. ii. ; Mahaffy, ii. ; Blackie, ' Four Phases 
of Morals.' 28. 4pjxoyXv<j>iktj : it is clear enough from this passage 

that this word was extended from Hermae-carving to sculpture in 
general. 29. eimS^i . . . KpeiTTOvos, ' as soon as he came to know 
the better way.' 

P. 7. 13. 4. irpocSpias, ktX. : abstract nouns are thus pluralized 
when reference is had, not to the abstract notion, but to instances where 
it is manifested ; so here ' opportunities for civic honors, power, and 

office.' 7. dvoXT|\j/T|, ' assume.' 8. p,o)(X.ia, ' crowbars.' -yXu^eia, 

kt\ , ' carvers, chisels, and gravers.' yXvcp. found only here. 9. kcitu 
V€V6vx«s . . . eirivowv, ' bending low over your work, with earthward turn 
and earthward gaze, and in every way abject ; never lifting up your head, 
and never having a thought that savors of manliness and freedom.' All 
these expressions, while describing literally the life of a stone-cutter, are 
to be taken in a figurative sense also. 13. etipv6|j.a k. cuo-^., ' sym- 

metrical and beautiful.' 14. oirtos, ktX., ' taking no thought as to 

how you shall yourself attain "a symmetrical and graceful development, 
but rendering yourself less worthy of honor than your blocks of stone.* 
Cf. what Diog. Laert says (2, 33) of Socrates : eAeye Oavixd^eiv ra>v ras 
Xidivovs e'lKovas KaraaKevaCofxevuv rod fxev XiQov irpovosiv, ws bjxoioraros 
carat, aiiruv 8' a/neXelv, &s /at? o/noiovs ra> Xidcp (paivzadai. 

Lucian decides in favor of ' Cidture ' without hearing her through, and is 
treated by her to a wonderful voyage through the air. 

14. 17. Xcyovcttjs, KrX., ' as she uttered these words.' Notice force of 
imperfect part. And here as often notice that the Greek idiom differs 
from ours by using a specific verb and a general substantive, where we 
prefer a general verb and a specific substantive. 18. &ir€<|>T]vdp.T)v, 

' rendered my decision.' Used also with yvAfx-qv t^v . . . ep-yaTiKTJv, 

• that squalid drudge.' Tooke. 22. evQvs &pxofi€va>, ' at the very 

beginning'; circum. part. 23. €V€Tpi\j/a,TO, ' she caused no slight 

drubbing to be administered.' The subject is, of course, r) epyartK-f). 
24. tcS : for gender, v. note on raiv, 6. 25. Kirpie . . . en-cir^-yci : for 
change of tense and force of plup., v. note on -Kap^ioo/jL-qv, 3. These 
pluperfects illustrate principle there laid down perfectly : not ' she had 
been fixed to the spot, etc.,' but ' she was fixed to the spot and turned 

into stone,' — and so remained. Nioprjv: daughter of King Tantalus, 

of Lydia, and wife of Amphion. She claimed superiority to Leto because 
she had many children, while Leto had only two. Angered at this boast' 



NOTES. 169 

fulness, Apollo and Artemis slew with their bows all her sons and 
daughters, and Niobe, ' all tears,' was changed into a rock on Mount 
Sipylus. Cf. II. 24, 602 ff. ; Soph. Ant. 823-33; Elect. 150 ff.; Ovid, 
Met. 6, 146-312. 15. 29. Toi-yapovv, kt\., 'I shall requite you, be 
well assured, for this decision.' diKaioavvrjs, causal gen. 30. xal eX0£ 
^8t], 'come, then, at once.' Kai intensive : cf. X. Mem. 1, 1,6; Symp. 2, 3; 
Lysias ad Eratosth. 29. For f/Sr) in this sense, cf. Dem. Olyn. 2, 2. 

P. 8. 2. ti 6x T li xa > ktA.., ' a sort of vehicle, to which was yoked a 
kind of winged steeds.' % Gen. of characteristic ; H. 568. Cf. Hdt. 

7, 40. n-rrvdcra), the winged steed of the gods. 3. p/f| dxoX. : part. 

used conditionally ; hence fx-q. G. 283, 4 ; H. 839. It represents pro- 
tasis of second form. For omission of 'av in apodosis, v. MT. 49, 2, 
n. 3 {e). 4. dvvoTJo-€iv gpcXXes, ' you expected to remain ignorant of.' 
6. dp£u.p.evos, ktA.., ' I began with the east, and from there to the utmost 
west took a survey, etc' For opla/x., cf. t*\(evtuv, as in Plato, Apol. 8. 
H. 788, last part. &XP 1 """pos : like fidxpi wp6s, of frequent occur- 
rence = usque ad. 8. TpiirroXcpos, son of Celeus, king of Eleusis. 
Hospitably entertained Demeter when in search of her daughter. In 
return she gave him a chariot with winged dragons and seeds of wheat. 
With this he wandered over the world, scattering the seed below, and so 
introducing agriculture. V. Ovid, Fasti, 4, 507 ff. 11. p€T ev . . . 
irapeircp/irov, ' sent after me their words of cheer.' yevolfnjv, iterative ; 
v. note to cupedeirjv, 2. 16. 15. dXXd p. 186k. : change to finite verb 
from attributive construction. 16. ti$: v. note on riva, 1 ; translate, 

' but I thought I made my return in pretty sumptuous attire.' 

KaraXaPovo-a, kt\., ' then, too, when she came upon my father standing 
expectant.' 18. Kdpe', olos -fjicoipi, ' in what glory I had returned.' 
Prolepsis ; cf. Tennyson, In Mem. lxxviii. 1, ' I know thee of what force 

thou art.' KaC ti ical iirc, ' and reminded him, too, just a bit of the 

intentions respecting me he came near carrying out.' 19. pucpov 

8civ: like parenthetic ifiol 8okc?v, just below. Infin. used loosely in 
idiomatic expressions. G. 268 ; MT. 100 ; H. 772. 20. dvTiircus, 

'youth'; v. to 1 above. 21. irpos, 'in the presence of' = ' because of.' 

Lucian explains his motive in narrating the dream, — to encourage poor but 
aspiring young men. 

17. 22. p€Ta|v: makes more definite the temporal force of the parti- 
ciple, — ' in the very midst of my speech,' ' while I was still speaking.' 
Cf. Char. 6(15, 30). G. 277, n. I (a) ; H. 795, c Xe'-yovros, sc. e>oG, 



170 THE DREAM. 

v. above to 3 (2,25) tfyx\ tis, 'some one said'; with about the force 

of our 'did some one say?' 23. Sucavucov, 'smacking of the court;' 
hence * circumstantial,' ' tedious.' It no doubt combines here both the 
literal and the derived meaning, as the dream-forms had pleaded their 
case as before a judge. 25. ^ raya. . . • «rri, ' or likely enough, it 
too, like Heracles, is a three-nighter.' For this allusion, cf. Dial. Deo. 10, 
and Diodorus, iv. 151, D. 28. yeyr\pa.K6r<av, 'musty,' 'threadbare.' 

29. &«)\o$, kt\., ' this frigid prating of his is stale ; he did not take us 
for a kind of dream-interpreters, did he ? ' For fi-fj = num, v. G. 282, 2 ; 
H. 829. 30. ov8e -yap, ' why, no more did Xenophon.' For Xeno- 

phon's dream, v. Anab. 3, I, 11 ff. But Xen. says nothing of having 
narrated his dream to the army, as is here implied. Lucian's memory 
seems to have been slightly at fault when he penned this. 

P. 9. 1. «*s, ktA., ' how it seemed to him that there was a flame, 
etc.' 2. Kal t. &\., 'and so on.' 3. ov\: repeated for emphasis, 

and because of intervening sentence. Cf. X. Anab. 3, 2, 25. viro- 

Kpio-iv, ' matter for interpretation.' Fritzsche changes it to viroKplaeoos 

eVe/cey. ovS' . . . l-yvtotcws, ' nor yet with the thought of telling an 

entertaining story.' 4. avTa, ' it,' the dream in its details Kal 

TaxHra, 'and that too,' 'especially'; radra, appositive of the preceding 
statement. 5. diro-yvwa-ci irpa-y. , . m desperatione verum, 'when all was 
given up for lost.' 6. kou: best take this as emphasizing xp?°''A 10 * / > 

' usefuV : 'but his narrative had some useful aim.' 18. 9. Tpen-tovTcu : 
for mood, v. above to 4 (3, 5). 10. iraiSeCas i\. f 'apply themselves 

to culture.' G. 171, t ; H. 574, b virb irev. 40eX., ' is inclined to shirk 

under the influence of poverty.' 12. <j>ti<riv. 8ia<}>., ' to the ruin of a 
gifted nature.' 13. cu o!8' 8ti, 'assuredly,' 'without doubt'; paren- 
thetical, like ovk oT5' oirws, ev XcrOi, HyKov '6rt, etc. 15. 4vvo<&v, /ctA., 
1 bearing in mind what I was when I, etc' For similar use of part, and 

interrogative, but in object relation, cf. X. Mem. 2, 2, 1. olos yhr . . . 

010s 8e: emphatic repetition. 16. \ir\hlv diroS., 'shirking no whit 

before the poverty of those days.' /t^SeV, where classic Greek, ovSev; 
v. above to 1. 18. d KaC, kt\., ' if nothing more, at any rate not less 
famous than any sculptor of them all.' 



T I M O N. 



INTRODUCTION. 

For more tharr two thousand years Titnon has figured as the 
typical misanthrope. His name has been proverbial ever since the 
Attic comedy set the fashion. About the actual Timon, however, 
few facts are known. The most that can be gathered with any 
reasonable degree of certainty from the ancient authorities* is as 
follows. He was an Athenian, son of a certain Echecratides, of 
the deme Collytus, and lived about the time of the Peloponnesian 
war. He is said to have built him a tower, ' far from the madding 
crowd's ignoble strife,' where he spent his days in lonesome 
contempt of human fellowship; making an exception in the case of 
the young Alcibiades only, whom he treated with great show of 
affection, for the cynical reason — as he told Apemantus, a cynic 
and imitator whose presence he sometimes tolerated — that he 
knew the youth would one day do infinite mischief to the Athenians. 
His death, we are told, was caused by a gangrene resulting from a 
broken limb, which he refused to allow a surgeon to care for. A 
lonely cliff at Halae, ' where the light foam of the sea beats daily,' 
became his burial-place ; after which event a landslip occurred, 
and his tomb was rendered inaccessible. 

Aristophanes speaks of him as a ' chip of the Furies' ; describes 
his repulsive aspect, and the hate with which he cursed and aban- 
doned society ; and makes Prometheus, after speaking of his well- 
known hatred of the gods, style himself a ' regular Timon' (Tlfxcov 

* Two passages in Aristophanes (Lystr. 808 ff., Birds 1547); a fragment from the 
Monotropos of Phrynichus; two epigrams by Callimachus; Plutarch, Anthony, 69 f. ; 
and this dialogue of Lucian. 



INTRO D UCTION. 1 99 

Kadapos). In a fragment from a comedy of Phrynichus the hero 
says : 

' Timon's life I lead, — 
Unwed, unserved, quick-tempered, unapproached, 
Unsmiling, unconversing, self-opinionate.' 

It is greatly to be regretted that the play by Antiphanes, a poet of 
the Middle Comedy, entitled ' Timon,' has not survived. It would 
doubtless have thrown much light upon the whimsical character 
and career of 'critic Timon.' An epigram by Callimachus repre- 
sents him as still hating in the land of shades : 

1 Say, Timon, sunk in night, abhorr'st thou now 
The light above or gloomy shades below ? 
" I hate the shades, since filled with humankind 
In greater numbers than I left behind." ' 

In the brief notices in the earlier writers no hint is given of the 
grounds for Timon's bitter hatred of mankind. Lucian makes this 
the result of his discovery that the friends upon whom he had lav- 
ished his substance were mere ' trencher-friends,' ' feast-won, fast- 
lost,' and that as soon as his riches had taken flight, their friendship 
and devotion likewise took wing, bearing away all sense of gratitude 
for the favors they had received. Plutarch evidently had the same 
notion. So there is strong probability that this was the reason, or 
at any rate one of the reasons, for his misanthropy. But we shall 
not go far amiss, I think, if we find one main cause for his soured 
disposition in the growing degeneracy of the times, — the moral 
and religious disintegration which, as contemporary writers give us 
ample reason to believe, characterized the age of the great struggle 
between Athens and Sparta. He exercised the self-appointed and 
thankless task, it would seem, of censor, critic, caviller, and cynic 
in the presence of the influx of laxer moral ideas, but kept aloof in 
egoistic isolation from the world, and put forth no efforts to stem 
the tide which threatened to overwhelm the moral well-being of the 
state. This it was, we may well believe, taken with the possible 
fact that his private life was no better than it should be,* that 
excited against him the hostility of the comic poets. 

Such was the material which Lucian found ready to his hand in 

* Aristophanes, Lystr. 817. Perhaps only a poetic scandal. 



200 TIM ON. 

Timon. He adapted it to his purpose in such a way that Wieland 
is fully justified in pronouncing this dialogue 'original in invention, 
composition, purpose, and execution.' The idea of making Timon 
become suddenly rich again after his thoughtless good-nature had 
reduced him to poverty and pessimism, is altogether original with 
Lucian. In his hands the story not only presents us with a vivid 
picture of a generous nature in which ' the milk of human kindness' 
had been turned to gall by ' benefits forgot,' but it becomes also 
the vehicle for placing the effete hierarchy of Olympus before us in 
no enviable light, and for satirizing without mercy the vices and 
follies of the most diverse classes of society. The amiable spend- 
thrift, the mean-hearted miser, the overbearing nonveau-riche, the 
obsequious underling, and more especially the fawning parasite, 
the flippant rhetorician, and the mountebank philosopher, are piti- 
lessly stripped and lashed. 

The course of the dialogue may be rapidly summarized as follows. 
Timon, reduced to abject want by his unthinking generosity, has 
left Athens, and betaken himself to a distant corner of Attica by 
the sea. He is meanly clad, and is delving away in the stony soil 
at paltry day's wages. As he toils, bitter reproaches at Zeus break 
from his lips. Zeus is no longer the god he used to be. The 
world grows worse and worse, and his bolt remains inactive. See 
what he himself had suffered from ' man's ingratitude,' and Zeus 
has taken no note of it. Will he never awake, — or is the Cretan 
legend of his tomb, after all, the truth ? Zeus at last hears the 
impudent brawler, and is astonished at learning from Hermes that 
it is Timon, the savor of whose old-time hecatombs still lingers 
agreeably in his nostrils. Surely he has been neglected too long. 
But what could Zeus have done with his hands so full with per- 
jurers, temple-thieves, and wrangling philosophers ? But now he 
bids Hermes take Plutus and go to Timon. Plutus is loath to 
return to one who had aforetime pitched him headlong out of 
doors : he likes neither the spendthrift nor the miser, but those 
who treat him as a helping friend. Zeus assures him that Timon 
has learned sense with his digging, and bids him go. So Hermes 
and Plutus set forth for Attica. On their way thither Plutus enter- 



INTRODUCTION. 201 

tains Hermes with a racy narrative, abounding in the finest satire, 
of his peculiarities, and of the absurd ways in which men treat him. 
He is blind and halt when he comes, but when he goes, fleeter than 
the wind and keener-eyed than Lynceus. He is never seen in pro- 
pria ftersona, else he would be abhorred ; tricked out with dazzling 
mask and bedizened with jewels, he mingles with mankind. They 
reach the place at last where Timon, in company with Poverty, 
Patience, and the like, is grubbing. He is very well content with 
his present lot, and refuses stoutly at first to be made rich again. 
Soon, however, he yields, ' since it is useless to resist the gods.' 
Over the gleaming gold his mattock brings to the day he gloats for 
a moment with old-time delight. Then he determines to employ 
his new wealth only for the purpose of making his hatred of his 
kind more manifest and more intense. He will build him a tower 
over the treasure, and live there in absolute isolation. His name 
shall be Misanthropos. He will hold no intercourse with his 
fellows ; no kindly office will he do to man, accept none at his 
hands. Hardly has this plan been formed when the parasites and 
flatterers of the former day have heard of his new fortune and 
hasten to fawn at his feet. Poet, parasite, orator, and philosopher 
are greeted with mocking gibes, and driven howling off with cudgel- 
blows from his mattock ; and the dialogue terminates with Timon 
taking refuge from the thronging flatterers upon a little knoll, and 
pelting them as they approach with stones. 

This dialogue is usually considered Lucian's masterpiece. It is 
wider in its interest and its scope ; it touches life at more points. 
Every sentence indicates the most careful observation of life. In 
spirited character-sketching, in keenness of satire, in vivid portrayal 
of class follies and vices, Lucian is throughout at his best. The 
character of Timon is boldly conceived and distinctly delineated ; 
no haziness obscures its grand simplicity. There is something 
Titanic about the hearty earnestness of his hatred for men, his 
contempt for gods. Only for a moment does he relax, — when he 
accepts the new wealth because it is idle to resist the gods ; but 
the next moment he justifies himself by resolving that increase of 
means shall breed increase of hate. Shakspere, in his ' Timon 



202 TIMON. 

of Athens,' has done little more than amplify and exhibit m fuller 
detail the Lucianic conception ; but, of course, with that inimitable 
touch by which he made his own whatever ideas of another he 
transferred to his canvas.* 

The ' Plutus' of Aristophanes gave Lucian some suggestions, no 
doubt, for his Plutus. But he has developed the character in a 
perfectly original and independent manner. A comparison of the 
two pieces shows, as Le Beau has already well observed, greater 
similarity of the genius of the authors than of the works themselves. 
The minor characters are simple sketches, but each one reveals 
the master's hand. 

The dialogue is full of instruction and truth for all time. The 
faults, the follies, and the feelings it portrays and satirizes are 
peculiar to no age or society. But it must have come with tre- 
mendous force to the corrupt and luxurious society of the second 
century, when parasites and sycophants plied their infamous calling 
with unblushing assiduity, and when hare-brained rhetoricians and 
mendicant philosophasters imposed and preyed upon society. 



NOTES. 

Timon is delving in a remote corner of Attica. All at once he hirsts forth 
in derisive reproaches at Zeus for his lax government of the world, and 
especially that he himself has suffered so sadly from those he had trusted. 

P. 32. 1* 1. & Zev <j>i\i€, kt\., ' O Zeus, patron of friendship, of 
hospitality, of comradeship, protector of hearth and home,' etc. All 
these epithets are borrowed from the poets, at whom Lucian is laughing 

* It is a matter of dispute by what means Shakspere became acquainted with Lucian's 
Timon. His knowledge of Greek would hardly have allowed him to read the original, 
and no English translation, so far as is known, existed at that time. But even a super- 
ficial examination is enough to show that Shakspere must have known the dialogue of 
Lucian through some source, while a closer study reveals striking resemblances not only 
in the character of Timon, but also in situations and language. In this connection con- 
sult the commentaries of Gervinus, and the introductions to the play in the different 
editions, especially Hudson's and White's. 



NOTES. 203 

as he uses them. 3. ical d . . . koXovcti, ' and whatever else the 
thunderstruck poets call thee.' G. 166; H. 556. 4^p6vT-r\Toi^=attonJti. 
Poets usually called eVfleot or OeoXriirroi. Here ambiguous term humor- 
ously applied, its secondary meaning, 'stupid' (cf. our 'moon-struck'), 
coming very near the surface. 6. vTrtpeiScis • • • pv>9fiov, ' thou dost 
underprop the falling of the metre and fill up the yawning of the rhythm.' 
rb tt7tttov and rb KexV^os parts, as subs. G. 276, 2; 139, 2 : H. 786, a. 

7. <rot : ethical; cf. to Char. 1. f| lpi<r. den-., 'the terrific crash of 

thy lightning.' A strange epithet; applied to Zeus, Hes. Theog. 815. 
Cf. Ar. Clouds, 265. ao-Tpairf], the 'flash'; nepavvos, the 'thunderbolt,' 
that which smites. 10. oltcxv^S, ' simply.' 11. &ja>, ' aside from.' 

13. ouk ot8' 8tto>s : v. to Dream, 18. direo-pt] . . . tori, ' has been 

quenched, and is cold.' Notice aor. where we prefer perf. H. 706. 

14. |xt]8c : here, as below, 5 (34, 25), Attic usage would require ouSe. 

2. 15. -yo^v* <at an Y rate.' t. ctti. tis kiri\iip., 'any one intending 

to perjure himself.' For sentiment, cf. Ar. Clouds, 398 ff. 16. 'ioiXov, 
'kept till morning'; hence 'stale,' — ' a stale wick,' i.e. a wick blown out 
and stinking. ' The snuff of a last night's candle.' Tooke. 17. 8aX6v 
nva, • a sort of firebrand.' 18. a>s = were, as often. 

P. 33. 1. tovto . . . diroXati<r€iv, 'receive this damage': v. to Dream, 
14, first note. Verb here in bad sense. Cf. Eur. Iph. in T. 526. For 
gen. fob v. G. 170, 2; H. 574, d. 4. ZaXjxcuvcvs : son of Aeolus, and 
brother of Sisyphus. He imitated thunder and lightning, and demanded 
that sacrifices should be made to him as to Zeus. Zeus for his impiety 
sent him to Tartarus by a stroke from his thunderbolt. Cf. Verg. Aen. 

6, 585 ff. ov irdw ti dir£0. <ov, ' not at all an incredible personage;' 

or, more freely, ' and the story is not at all incredible.' 5. T-pds, ' in 

comparison with.' vJ/v)(.pov t. 6p\T)v, ' slow to wrath.' Cf. just below, 

1. 12. G. 160, 1 ; H. 549. 6. -irtcs "ydp, ' for how could it be otherwise?' 

= ' naturally enough.' 7. 8-irov -y€ = r?/w quidem. virb fiavSpavopa, 

'under the influence of mandrake.' For the form of the gen., v. G. 39,3; 
H. 136, d. For this narcotic, cf. X. Sym. 2, 24; Dem. Phil. 4, 6. The 
ancients had many superstitions about the plant; among others, that it 
sprung from human blood, and uttered shrieks when pulled. Shakspere 
alludes to these in various places ; e. g. R. and J- 4, 3; Oth. 3, 3. Popular 
etymology derived the word from avhp and ayopevw. 9. \r]jxa.s 8. k. 
dn(3., ' blear-eyed and purblind,' or Shakspere's ' high gravel-blind.' 
10. t. wra : G. 160, 1 ; H. 549. 3* 11. lireC, ' for.' Its sentence 
really gives ground for statement easily supplied. Here ' (such must be 



204 TIMON. 

the case), since,' etc. K. 569, A. 1. 12. dicp.aios t. opy'iv, 'thy 
spirit was at its best.' 15. eiraTcryeiTo, ' was rolling.' Ar. Clouds, 389, 
has the active in this sense. 16. Kal tj . . . irpotjKovT^eTo, « and thy 
lightning was continually flashing hither and thither, like darts in a skir- 
mish.' TrporfKou. occurs only here. 17. 01 (mcrjxol 81 koo-kivt|86v, 
' the earthquakes were like shakings of a sieve,' etc. These adverbs 
have a comic sound; cf. De Hist Cons. 19. 18. I'va croi <j>op., kt\., 
' and to speak to thee in right bombastic style, the rains were tearing and 
furious, every drop a river.' The last words are probably a quotation 
from some tragic poet. This would account for the re. In that case, 
<j>opTiKo>s, ' clownishly,' ' vulgarly,' is sarcastic. 20. cv &k. XP° V0V : 
v. to Char. 14 (22, 29). 21. errl t. Acv , ' in the time of D.' The flood 
of Deucalion, of which, it is fabled, only he and his wife Pyrrha were the 
survivors. Cf. Hor. Car. 1,2, 5 ff . ; and v. Cox's Tales of An. Greece, 
and Bayard Taylor's poem. 22. cV ti Kip. = una aliqua cymbula, 'one 
craft, a sort of ark.' 23. AvKcopet : southernmost of the peaks of Par- 
nassus. 24, £wirvpov ti, kt\., ' preserving some life-spark of the seed 
of man for the generation of greater wickedness.' Cf. Plat. Laws, 3, 677 B. 
Belief in the degeneracy of man from primal innocence common among 
the ancients. The golden age made way to the silver, that to the bronze, 
and last of all the iron. Cf. Hesiod, Works and Days, 109 ff. ; Ovid, 
Met. 1, 89 ff. ; Juven. 13, 28 ff. ; Hor. Car. 1, 3, 25 ff., and 3, 6, 46 ff. : 
' Aetas parentum pejor avis tulit 
nos tiequiores, mox daturos 
progeniem vitiosiorem.' 

4. 25. Toi-y&pToi, ' accordingly.' Connect with end of § 2. 26. t&- 

irixeipot, ' wages,' ' reward.' Cf. Aesch. Prom. Vinct. 327. irap* 

auTtov, ' from men.' 27. Gvovtos : G. 277, 2 ; H. 790, c. d yA\ 

tis, ktA., ' unless, forsooth, some one does so (sc. dvei 7) ar^avol) as an 
appendage to the Olympian games.' See to Char. 17. 29. gW els, 
ktK., ' but out of conformity to an antiquated custom.' 30. Kpovov : 
ancient king of Heaven, whose place Zeus usurped. ' They will make a 
second Cronus of thee'; i. e. rob thee of thy throne. 

P. 34. 2. €<o Xe'vciv, ' I forbear saying.' 3. 01 8e rives, 'but cer- 
tain ones'; without antithetic 01 fieV; v. K. 527, A. 4. ' OXu|xiriacrLv : 

adverb ; v. lex. 5. t. Kvvas, ' the watch-dogs.' 8. €Kct0Tj<ro. kt\ , 

' thou didst sit still, and suffer thy locks to be cut off all around by them.' 
Hair, beard, mantle, and sandals of the statue of Zeus at Olympia were 
of gold. Lucian speaks of this robbery again in Jup. Trag. 25. 



NOTES. 205 

10. ravra : emphatic position. 11. irapopwpcva : G. 279, 1 ; H. 798. 
13. <i>a€'SovT£s •' Phaethon, son of Helios, prevailed upon his father to 
allow him one day to drive the sun-chariot. He could not manage the 
steeds, and came near causing the destruction of the earth, when Zeus 
smote him with his bolt. Cf. Dial. Deor. 25, and Ovid, Met. 1, 750 ff. 
Translate, — ' How many Phaethons and Deucalions (i. e. conflagrations 
and floods) will suffice against such overweening insolence of the 
world?' 14. t. fiiov, 'the world,' 'human life.' As often in Charon. 
5. i'va 70^, kt\., ' to leave the general question, and speak of my own 
case.' 17. piLXXov 8e, kt\ , ' or rather had poured out my wealth 
in streams for the benefit of my friends.' These parts, express means 
(G. 277, 2; H. 789, b) ; but cf. note on Sovs, Dream, 3, and translate, — 
' when I had done so and so, and thanks to that had become poor.' 
19. ovKcrt; kt\., ' I am no longer even recognized.' For sentiment, cf. 
Ar. Plutus, 829-37. 20. irpds : here, as often in Lucian = vir6 with 

gen. of agent. 24. iraA. veKpov, ' a man long dead.' •uirriav : pro- 

leptic; cf. to ir\ayla y Char. 3, ' on its back, upturned by time.' 25. p.T]8e 
dva-y., 'without even reading the inscription.' 26. kripav : sc. oSov. 

8vo-&v. k. dir. 6c'., ' an unlucky and ill-omened sight.' 27. Gcajjia : 

appositive of rbv — yeyei/. G. 137, 11. 4; H. 556. 28. ov 7rpb ito\., 

' not long before ' ; like ovk eis /u.ai<pdv, Dream, 1. 6. 30. Si^Ge'pav : 
a coat of skins worn by herdsmen and peasants. Cf. Beck. Char. Exc. 1, 
sc. xi. ; Ar. Clouds, 72. 

P. 35. 1. 6£o\wv : G. 178; H. 578. 'At four obols a day'; about 
twelve cents, — the ordinary wages of an agricultural laborer probably. 
Consult Bockh, Publ. Econ. bk. 1. ch. 21. 3. (i^kcti . . . efi irpdr. : 
explanatory of toCto, — ' I shall no longer see people in numbers prosper- 
ing beyond their desert.' For part., G. 279, 2; H. 799. 5. tovto -ye : 
this demonstrative, with ye, not seldom placed for special emphasis at 
the end of the sentence. Cf. Piscat. 20. 6. tovtov : G. 142, 4, n. 1 ; 
H. 538, end. 7. 'Ettip.6viSt]v : the Rip Van Winkle of antiquity. A 
Cretan priest of Zeus, poet and seer. Pie fell asleep, it is said, in the 
Dictaean Cave, and did not wake for forty, or, as some say, fifty or 
fifty-seven years. 10. €7ri8si£ai Ttva, /cr\., ' show some of the spirit 
of the vigorous and youthful Zeus, unless the tales told by the Cretans 
about thee and thy tomb in their island are true.' A legend of the 
Cretans affirmed that Zeus was buried near the city Cnosus. Lucian 
never tires of alluding to this story in disparagement of the father of gods 
and men. Cf. Jup. Trag. 45; De Sacrif. 10. 



206 TIMON. 

The scene changes to Olympus. Zeus inquires of Hermes who it is that is 
bawling up to heaven. Hermes astounds him by answering Timon, once 
so rich ; the cause of whose poverty he then explains. 

7. 14. 'Y|xi]TTdv : mountain of Attica, famous for its honey. Milton 
speaks of it as ' flowery hill Hymettus, with the sound of bees' indus- 
trious murmur.' 15. irivapos, ktK., ' quite filthy and squalid, and 
clad in a leathern jerkin.' 16. !ti-ik€kik{>c&s : perf. here, as often, ex- 
presses present condition rather than the act which produced it, — 'bent 

(or bending) over.' XdXos • • • ©pacrvs, ' a garrulous and saucy fellow.' 

17. $\ irov, ' of course, he must be a philosopher.' Strongly sarcastic. 
The commonplace philosophers of the day, like the mendicant friars of 
the Middle Ages, were a sorry lot. Lucian loses no opportunity to 
satirize them. Cf. below, 54-5 ; Cock, 10-11 ; Icarom. passim ; and 

notably Lapithae and Piscator. ov -ydp &v : when cond. is suppressed, 

as here (G. 222; H. 746), ydp may be rendered 'otherwise.' oo-e£e?s, 
predicate ; cf. to Dream, 2. 20. KoXXwea : Collytus was the name 
of a deme of the phyle Aegeis. For account of the political divisions of 

Athens, v. Grote, ch. xxxi. 6 . . . lo-ndo-as, ' who has banqueted us 

with perfect sacrifices.' nard occurs nowhere else in this connection ; 
the expression is formed after the analogy of Ka6' Upwv u/xoaai, e$xe(rdai. 
Upa TtXeia corresponds to Homeric reXrjea-a-ai eKarSfifiai. 21. 6 vco- 
irXovTos, 'who but just now was rich.' Elsewhere the word means the 
nouveau-riche. 22. 6 t. 6X. 4k.: cf. to Char. 9 (18, 7). 23. elw- 

6a|i6v : Bekker changes this to pluperfect ; Fritzsche approves. 

t. Aidcria : a great festival at Athens in honor of Zeus MeiAt'x'os* cele- 
brated in February. Cf. Thucyd. 1, 126. 24. <f>ev t. dXX, : v. to Char. 
13(21,15). 25. rC iraOs&v, 'through what misfortune.' 26. av^fiTjpcs, 
dQXios : the asyndeton is striking ; so Sommerbrodt brackets avx/J-vpSs, 
and Fritzsche places d6\ios (with 6 prefixed) at the end of the preceding 
sentence. 27. oiina . . . SltceXXav, ' so heavy is the mattock that he 
bears.' fiapeTav predicate, as just above, aere/Sels. 8. 29. outohtI 
[lev eliretv : G. 268; H. 772. ' One might say.' The antithesis is du 8e 
a\r)6e? \6yci> (sc. etVeiV), 'but the truth is.' xp-qoro-rns, 'kind-hearted- 
ness.' 

' Poor honest lord, brought low by his own heart ; 

Undone by goodness ! Strange unusual blood, 

When man's worst sin is, he does too much good! ' — Tim. of Ath. 4, 2. 

P. 36. 1. fivoia k. €v. k. uk., ' folly, stupidity, and lack of discrimi- 
nation.' eu770eta, lit. ' good-naturedness,' affords an instance of moral 



NOTES. 207 

degeneracy of a word. See Trench, ' Study of Words,' lect?3; and cf. 
common American degeneracy of ' clever.' 2. 8s ov <rvvi€i, ' for he 
did not perceive that he,' etc. G. 238; H. 822. x a P l (°f i€l ' 0S > predicative 
part, in subject relation. Cf. the Vergilian sensit medios delapsus in hostes. 
4. K€i. t. fjirap : allusion to Prometheus. 5. croupous, ' boon com- 
panions.' vir' cv. . . . popa, ' who, merely out of kindness to him, 

enjoyed his bounty.' 9. t. p££as : a sudden and infelicitous change of 
figure. A moment ago the vultures were gnawing his bones ; now they 
leave him a felled and withered tree trunk. Cf. Tim. of Ath. 4, 3 : 
* The mouths, the tongues, the eyes, and hearts of men, . . . 

That numberless upon me stuck, as leaves 

To on the oak, have with one winter's brush 

Fell from their boughs, and left me open, bare, 

For every storm that blows.' 

11. inSGcv -yap ; ' for why should they ? ' = ' of course not.' 12. kv r. 

(lipci, ' in their turn.' 8td TavTa, kt\., ' therefore with mattock and 

leathern jerkin he has abandoned the city, and,' etc. 14. p.«r8ov, 'for 

wages.' Genitive as above, 6, ofiSXctiv. peXa-y. r. kcuc., 'brooding over 

his misfortunes.' G. 188, 1; H. 611. 15. pdXa iiircp., 'in utter dis- 
dain.' ' With their noses in the air.' Tooke. 16. d Tipwv, kt\., 
' whether he might be called Timon.' The opt. in a vague and doubtful 
question. K. 395, 5 end, with A. 2. 

Zens justifies his long neglect of Timon by his multiplicity of cares ; directs 
Hermes to take Plulus, with Treasure, and go to Timoii's relief. The 
ingrates he will punish when he gets his bolt repaired. 

9. 19. ^-yav. 8var , ' is vexed at his bad luck.' For part. v. refs. Char. 

2 (12, 1). ktrti : connect with a/ieA^reos. ' For we shall be doing just 

(Kal) the same as,' etc. For dat. G. 186; H. 603. 21. en-iXcXTjo-uivoi : 
G. 277, 4 ; H. 789, e. 24. itXt|v, ' however.' Lucian oftener uses 
7rAV ctAAa; v. to Charon, n (20, 2). 25. pia£op.€vwv, 'extortioners.' 
26. eVi 8. k. <{>d. t. irapd, ' and furthermore, owing to fear caused by,' 
etc. vir6 or e| more usual than 7rapa in such a connection. 28. ttoXijv 
. . . dire'pXcxj/a, ' this long time have had no chance even to glance at,' etc. 

30 Xd-y. fcpiSes, ' word-contentions.' tireiroX. avrois, ' come into 

general vogue with them.' avrols refers by synesis to t. 'ArTt/ojj'; for 
case, G. 184, 3; H. 601. 

P. 37. 1. [ia\o\).ivoiv: sc. auriou; v. to Dream, 3 (2, 25). 3. ^ eiri- 
Tpi_3fjvai, ktA., ' or be bored to death by them as they wrangle in loud 
tones about their so-styled " virtue," and incorporeal substances, and the 



208 TIMON. 

like nonserfse.' aper-fiv riva ironical of the ' virtue' of the sects. A-ftpovs 
often so used as the climax to a list of particulars, all of which one wishes 
to stamp with contempt ; cf. Dem. Olyn. 3, 29. ^vueipourwy, contemptu- 
ous ; cf. Dream, 8 (4, 29). 5. toi, ' you see.' 10. 8. KaTaTa-xos: 
periphrasis for adverb. Kara is often so used; cf. Kara <nrovS-f]v, 18 (41, 19). 

11. 8ti: like ws with superlative = quam. H. 664. ckSimkt): cona- 

tive force. 14. a$0is p-ev, ' later.' Antithesis in irXr t v, ktA.., 1. 23. 

e^ciSdv t. k. eiri., 'when I have had my bolt repaired.' Aor. subj. like 
Lat. fut. perf. H. 760; MT. 20, n. 1. 15. Ka.Teavjj.Evcu : classic Attic 
would be Karedyaai. 17. oitotc . . . irpwTjv, 'since awhile ago I 
launched it too zealously,' etc. 18. 'Avafjcryopav : of Clazomenae, 
but long resident at Athens. He was the first to state the doctrine that 
the present order of things is due to an intelligent principle (vovs). 
Accused (450 b. c.) of blasphemy, he was saved from death by Pericles, 

over whom he had exercised great influence. ehr-ciSe. ' was seeking to 

convince.' G. 200, n, 2 ; H. 702. |xt]8€ . . . Geovs, ' that we gods are of 

no account at all.' A euphemistic way, as Fritzsche remarks, of saying, 
' we do not exist.' Cob., however, V. L. 222, cuts out Tiuas, and wishes 
/-ojSe changed to fiyHev. Sombdt. and Fr. bracket Tivas. Omitted, ' we 
do not exist at all.' Present reading is paralleled in Vitar. Auct. 27: ov8e 
7}fie?s &pa iaixev rives; -'aren't we, then, anybody ?' 21. 'Avaiceiov : 
temple of the "Avanes (Castor and Pollux), 011 the north side of the 
Acropolis. Reference is here had probably to a real event. 22. oXt-yov 
8etv : v. to Dream, 16. 23. irepl t. irer., 'on the rock.' irepi in such 
use unknown to Attic prose. Cf. Saturnal. 4. 24. el — 6pw<riv : 
Fr. proposes to get rid of this impossible ind. pres., which is given by all 
the MSS. save one, by changing et to idv, or by writing bpytv. Cob., 
V. L. 222, with a single MS., drops et, making opaxriv participle. 

Hermes gnimblingly fetches Plutus, who, remembering his former treatment, 
is anything but pleased at the proposed return to Timon. 

11. 26, olov f t v, ktX. : sarcastic exclamation, uttered as Hermes goes 
in search of Plutus. ' What a fine thing it was to bellow so loud, and be 
importunate and saucy ! ' 27. 8iKaioXo-yo0o-i, 'advocates.' 28. ISov 
■ye kt\., ' there is Timon, you see, will be raised all at once from extreme 
poverty to wealth just for his shouting,' etc. 1806 = Fr. voila. Kara- 
orT7)(T€Tai as in Char. 2. fidXa to be taken with avriKa; cf Ar. Frogs, 785. 
P. 38. 1- €t &TKairr€v . . . &v 'da-Kaimv, ' if he had kept on digging 
he would still be,' etc. G. 222 ; MT. 49, 2 ; H. 746. 4. ouk &v a-ntX , 



NOTES. 209 

'I do not want to go,' etc. G. 226, 2, b; H. 722, b. 6. dtpicr* : the 

respect of even Zeus for Plutus is amusingly sarcastic. k. Tavra : 

Dream, 17 (9, 4). 12. 8. vf\ Ata : this has a droll sound uttered in 
the face of Zeus himself. 10. irarpwov av. <{>. ovTa, 'friend though I 

had been to him from his fathers' times.' [iovovo^x^ ' a H Dut / ' we ^ 

nigh.' 8iKp. e^eJiOet : proverbial expression. Cf. Hor. Epist. 1, 10, 24. 

11. KaC&rrep. kt\., ' as quickly as they who drop a live coal.' His money 
'burned in his pockets.' Cf. Tim. of Ath. 1, 1 : 

' He pours % it out : Plutus, the god of gold, 
Is but his steward; no meed, but he repays 
Sevenfold above itself.' 

12. a-rrtXOtt: G. 253; H. 720. 16. Xdpci, ' cormorants.' 17. T|p.£v : 
G. 177; H. 583. 19. diro<j)€povT€s ; G. 279, i; H. 800. 20. dp.c- 
\r\ri: found only here. 

Zeus accuses Plutus of inconsistency : one while he complains of those who 
keep him under boll and bar ; now of Timon, who gave him fullest liberty. 

13. 27, T|<j>i€i: G. 105, 11.3; H. 314. 28. rovvavriov, ' on the con- 
trary-.' G. 160, 2; H. 552. 30. o-TjpeiW €irif3 , 'by impressions of 
seals ' = ' under seal.' The seal was often thus used for additional secur- 
ity. Cf. Beck. Char. Exc. 1, sc. iii. near end. 

P. 39. 2. TauTa -y. dirw., ' at any rate, you used to make such complaints 
to me, and say,' etc. 3. iroX. t. o-kotw ' dense darkness.' For similar 
combination, v. Char. 1 1 (20, 1 ). 5. irpbs t. KQos, ' as the result of the 
habit.' For sentiment, cf. Catapl. 17. 6. d-iroBpdo-. . . . tl Xdp. : v. to 
Dream, S (4, 23). 7. k. SXws, ' in a word.' 8. KaSd-rrtp, kt\., 
'be immured like another Danae, and reared in virgin estate under the 
charge of such sharp-sighted and utterly depraved masters as Usury and 
Arithmetic' For Danae, v. note to Dial. Mar. 12. 11. 12. !£6v : 
G. 27S, 2 ; II. 792. 13. ktr d8aas, ' in security.' /terct used in the 

same way. t. ^oojti, 'the object of their passion.' 14. dXXd <j>v. 

e-ypTj., ' they stay awake and watch it.' The antithesis is the clause intro- 
duced by ot)5e, so <pv\a.TTovTas might have been expected ; but inf. dep. 
directly on etpacr/ces preferred to prevent accumulation of participles. 
16. iKavriv, ktA., 'thinking it sufficient enjoyment, not that they have the 
power of enjoyment, but,' etc. ou negatives rb . . . ex ett/ as a whole. Cf. 
X. Mem. 1, 1, 3. 18. t. ev t. <f> Kvva : allusion to a fable of Aesop 
no longer extant. Cf. Adv. Indoct. ^,0. 19. Kpi9wv: G. 170, 1 ; H. 574, ^. 
20. Kal KdT€"ye\as, kt\., ' you used even to ridicule them for saving,' etc. 

14 



2 I O TIMON. 

Predicative parts, in oblique case relation ; v. to Char. 17 (25, 21). 
21. t. kcwvotcitov: v. to Char. 23 (30, 7). 22. a>s KaTdparos, kt\., 
' that some cursed servant or rascally steward will slink in secretly and 
have a drunken revel, leaving his wretched and unamiable master to 
brood over his interest by the light of a miserable narrow-necked lamplet 
with thirsting wicklet.' For last expression, cf. Cock, 29; also Ar. Clouds, 
56-9. 23. iraiSoTpi\|/ : usually regarded as false spelling for ired6Tpi\p 
(which some write here), ' one who wears fetters out,' — a comic epithet 
for a rascally slave. It makes good sense as it stands, however. Lit. 
' boy-troubler ' (' boy' used in the sense of slave by Greeks, as in the South 
before the war) ; i.e. 'slave-driver' or 'beater.' The slave who held the 
position of oiKouofxos often exercised severe authority over his fellows. 
Either epithet gives the steward no amiable character. 28. eKciva 
alTta<r9ai, ' to make charges of that kind.' See to Dream, 14 (7, 17). 

Plutus asserts that he is right in both instances {his friends belong to neither 
extreme), and proves his point by a striking analogy. 

P. 40. 15. 1. 8<>£oj : fut. after vague condition, as Dream, 8 (4, 23). 

2. t. irdv. ToiiTo dv. k. dp.., ' this excessive prodigality and carelessness.' 
aueifievov, part, as abstract noun. G. 276, 2, and 139, 2; H. 786, b. 

3. <os -n-pbs €jx«, ' at least, in relation to me.' cl-y restrictive, as sometimes 
id; cf. Cic. Cato Major, ch. 4, near end. 4. KaTaKXeio-Tov ; sc. ijie. 
For sentiment, cf. Ar. Plutus, 237 ff. 9. ovSc'v, kt\., ' since for no 
fault of mine they let me corrode,' etc. 10. dirfaoriv, ' will pass away.' 
For sentiment, cf. Char. 20. 16. 12. ckcivovs: those just mentioned; 
tovtovs, the class to which Timon belongs, so thought of as nearer. 
13. tovs — p.€T. km. t. irpd"y., 'those who stand ready to exercise moder- 
ation in the case.' Cf. Hor. Car. 2, to, 5 ff. 14. |atjt€: with part. yA\ 
renders expression hypothetical, 'the ones who,' 'all who,' in any sup- 
posable case. G. 283, 4; H. 839; M. 207. 16. <S Zev irpbs t. Aids: 
a humorous touch. Cf. Dial. Mort. 16, 1. 17. frmra : emphasizes 
temporal force of preceding part. MT. 109, n. 1 ; H. 795, «. 19. M)a 
&v eSeXoi : ind. disc, for subj. &u usually omitted in such cases. G. 242, 3; 
but v. MT. 74, 1, n. 2. 24. ipcurGels iroWdias : a keen thrust at 
Zeus; with which cf. Dial. Deor. 2. 17. 25. cir dpoTtp ira£. ^v 1 ! : 
regular legal formula in Attic marriage contracts. 27. irapOevov : em- 
phatic omission of the article. 29. 8fjAos wv : sc. £pa>v, ' show that he 
was in love by his faded color, his dwindling flesh, and his hollow eyes ' 
For €«tct. and vttoSsSvk., v. to Char. 17 (25, 21). For sentiment, cf. 



A T OTES. 211 

'Two Gentlemen of Verona,' 2, 1, where Speed gives Valentine the marks 
of a lover. 

P. 41. 1. 2t9' frirws fieri potest ut ; parenthetic. 2. Bs'ov : v. above, 
14, to e|oi/. 3. KaTa|xapaivwv . . . (Biov, 'because he allowed so beauti- 
ful and lovely a maiden to wither away by treating her all her life like a 
vestal.' 5. 0eo-|xod>6pa>, ' the Lawgiver'; viz. Demeter, who, by the 
introduction of agriculture, prepared the way for orderly, law-restricted 
society. A festival of five days — the Thesmophoria — was celebrated 
yearly in October by the married women. In iepeta here, as also Dial. 
Meretr. 7, 4, reference seems to be had to virgin priestesses, though we 

hear nothing definite about them elsewhere. Tavra. k. av. ay , ' I too 

have these causes of vexation.' For ravra, v. G. 159, n. 2; H. 547, c. 
6. XaKTi^djxcvos : predicative, explanatory of ravra. 8. wo-irep, ktA.., 
1 put in fetters like a branded runaway.' ire-ireS-rifi. used rather of resultant 
state than of the act. 

Zeus declares that both extremes, spendthrifts and misers, get their reward. 
But go to Tim on ; if he despitefidly treats you again, the mattock once 
more sliall be his portion. 

18. 11. ko\t|V t. 8ix., ' a handsome penalty.' For pred. adj., v. to 
Dream, 2. 12. TclvtoXos : v. to Char. 15. For sentiment, cf. 
Horace, Sat. 1, 1, 6S ff. : 

1 Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat 
flumina. . . . Quid rides? mutato nomine te de 
fabula narratur : congestis undique saccis 
indormis inhians et tamquam parcere sacris 
cogens aut pictis tamquam gaudere tabellis.' 

14. <i>iv€vs: son of Agenor and king of Salmydessus. At the instigation 
of their stepmother he put his sons to death. For this the Harpies were 
sent, — monstrous creatures, that swooped down and devoured or fouled 
his food. Cf. Verg. Aen. 3, 216 ff. Tposj>TJv : G. 164; H. 553, a. 

15. dXX', 'so'; v. to Dream, 2. o-a><j>pov. it. iroAv, 'more sensible by 

far.' 17. Ikcivos, 'Timon.' As often, translate this pron. by noun. 
- — -yap itot€: ironical; an ellipse in reality, — '(I think not), for will 
Timon ever,' ' what ! will Timon ever,' etc. 18. 4k ko<}>. . . . e|av- 
t\£v, 'pouring me out with all his might, as though from a leaky basket, 
before I have fairly run in.' For elapurji/ai, v. G. 274 ; H. 769. For 
Kara (rirov5r)v, v. above, to 10 (37, S). 20. p.f) . . . avTov ; 'lest I rush 
upon him in a flood and overwhelm him.' For irrrepaurXos (predicate), 
v. H. 488, b, Rem. We have a confusion of images here : wealth is 



212 TIMON. 

spoken of as a liquid; to this notion basket (k6^ipos) is abhorrent, while 
perfectly proper of money itself. 21. AavatSwv : the fifty daughters 
of Danaus, save Hypermnestra, slew their husbands on the wedding 
night. Their punishment in the nether world was to pour water into 
a leaky or bottomless cask. Cf. Apollod. 2, 1, 4; Hor. Car. 3, 11. 
23. dXXd, kt\., 'but before it has run in almost the stream will have 
flowed out, so very wide is the opening in the cask for the outflow and so 
unconstrained the issue.' Subj. of elcrpvrjvcu implied from t. iirippeoi/ros. 
To conceive of anything as having flowed out before it had run in 
requires the rhetorical imagination of an Irishman. For a similar bull, 
cf. Ar. Clouds, 631, and Cic. ad Famil. 4, 5. 19. 27. t. kcx^vos • • • 
d.vcnre'inrajj.evov, ' this gaping and constantly open fissure.' The reading 
here is awkward. Cob., V. L. 222, suggests rb dad-ira^ for the unparal- 
leled expression here found. In either case the part, is used as a noun; 
as it stands here, the article before k^xwos belonging equally to avcnrtirT. 
To connect is rb aira^, ' once for all,' with i/j.(ppd£r)Tcu, as some do, 
is a violent and unlikely possibility, though it affords good sense. 
30. t. rpv-yi, ' the lees.' 

P. 42. 1. |Ji€|xviicro : v. to Char. 7 (16, 8). 2. iiraviwv, 'on your 

way back.' KuKXcD-rras : assistants of Hephaestus. Their workshop 

was in Aetna. 4. TedT\y\iivov : perf. of condition resulting from previous 
activity. Predicate, ' we shall want it sharp.' 

Hermes and Plutus set out. Plutus explains that he is lame and blind when 
he is sent to men ; swifter than dreams when he leaves them. Sudden 
wealth conies from Pluto, zvhen what fools men are ! 

20. 7. €XcXtj06is . • • <»v, ' I was unaware that you were,' etc. &v 
predicative in subj. relation. G. 279, 4; H. 801. 9. ovk del tovto, 
' 'tis not so in every case.' 12. reXciv eirl t. TcpjAa, ' reach my goal. 5 
TeAeTV often so used without 6§6v. 14. cLjxa . . . Kd-yw, ' the barrier, 
at any rate, no sooner falls than I,' etc. Co-ordination where we sub- 
ordinate ; v. to Dream, 3. uott A.7jy£ strictly the rope stretched across the 
race-course. 21. XeuKov t^vvovs : Lucian often speaks of white horses 
as an indication of wealth and magnificence. Cf. Char. 13; Cock, 12. 
23. miaous irop^vpoi, ' in purple raiment.' The shoulders as part for the 

whole, since they sustain the dress. Cf. II. 3, 328. XP W °X CI P € «> 

'with gold rings upon their fingers.' Cf. Cock, 12; Icarom. 18; Nig. 21. 
Rings were worn more and more for ornament in the later times, often 
many at the same time. Cf. Beck. Char. n. 6, sc. xi. Of the earlier 



NOTES. 213 

times Macrob., Saturn. 7, 13, says: veteres non ornatus sed signandi causa 
annulum secum circumferebant. 21. 27. tot€, ' in those cases.' 

28. IIXovtwv : god of the nether world. Lucian puns upon the name 
here, and makes him the author of sudden riches, such as comes by will, 

etc. &T6 . . . &v, 'for he too is a giver of wealth,' etc. are emphasizes 

causal force of part. G. 277, n. 2 ; H. 795, d. 

P. 43. 1. SiVrov, 'testament'; lit. 'tablet,' on which the testament 
was written. Tablets were usually oblong strips of wood, with raised 
margins, thinly covered with wax, fastened together with bits of wire like 
hinges, and so opening like our books. The will having been written, 
the tablets were closed, and bound with a triple cord and sealed, in the 
presence of witnesses. The opening of the will took place soon after the 
death of the testator, likewise in the presence of witnesses (here, in public, 
eV ttj ayopi). Cf. Beck. Char. nn. 17 ff., sc. ix. 2. <f>opn56v : found 
only here. Cob., V. L. 222, would change it to (popdSriv. Usually inter- 
preted ' like a bundle'; but Sombdt. rightly sees that it is rather derived 
from <popd, in the sense of 'rapid motion,' 'rush' ((pepeaOaL and ferri 
here agree) : hence trans., ' with a rush.' 3. 6 pev . . . irpdK€iTai, ' the 
corpse lies in state in some dark corner of the house.' irpoKeirai the 
regular word for the lying in state in some fine room ; here bitterly 
sarcastic. 6. liit 8« 01, kt\., ' but the expectant heirs wait in the 
agora agape for me as twittering nestlings the approaching swallow.' 
22. 9. t. Xivov : the cord about the tablets to which the seal was 
attached. 12. k< ircu. ripios, 'esteemed for his sensual compliances.' 

inrclup. t. yva. : for this expression and the sentiment of the passage, 

cf. Dial. Mort. 9, 4. 13. dvri, ' in return for.' 14. fegupos wv, 

' though past his bloom.' pio-8wpa : a base word. For fu.tya, pred., 

v. to Dream, 2. 6 "yevvaios, ' the fine fellow.' Appositive of oik€tt]s ; 

strongly ironical. 15. ckclvos p-eV : the apodosis begins with these 
words, the prot. being iireiZav . . . atroXafSuv. fxev has no answering 5e ; 
it emphasizes the pronoun. K. 531, 2. The virtual antithesis is found 
in t. K^xnvoras. 16. apiraxdaevos p.€, kt\., ' snatches me up, will and 
all, and runs quickly off, and straightway gets his name changed to 
Mcgacles, etc., instead of Phyrrius, etc., as it was before ' (tcws). With 

aurfi 5fA.Tw, cf. Char. 6, aurrj KaaTaXia. (^epwv : expressive of manner. 

Cf. below, 26; Icarom. 19 (106, 1) ; MT. 109, n. 8; H. 7S8, a, last part; 
K. 4S6, 6. 17. nvppiou, kt\. : common slave names; while Megacles 
et al. are names of highest families. Cf. Cock, 14, where another method 
of changing names is mentioned. Such things are not unheard-of even 



214 TIMON. 

in these days in the case of the nouveaux-riches. 20. oto$= on toiovtos 
(G. 238; H. 822), ' that such a thunny fish had escaped from the inmost 
part of the net after having devoured no little bait/ An allusion to the 
presents they had given. Cf. Dial. Mort. 9. Cf. also Horace, Sat. 2, 5 ; 
at line 25 Horace speaks of the rich man, in wait for whom the fortune- 
hunters lie, by the same figure that L. uses here. 23. 22. 6 8e ep.. 
&8. els Ipe, ' plunging upon me with all his might.' These words mark 
clearly rude and awkward eagerness. 23. irax^Seppos : in a fig. sense ; 
' coarse.' 24. d irapioov dXXws pacr., ' if a passer-by cracks his whip 

incidentally.' For this meaning of aWccs, temere, cf. Od. 14, 124. 

€l — |iao-Ti^€i€ . . . fiords : v. to Char. I (11, 9). t. jivXtova . . . 

irpocncvvtov, ' and paying his respect to the mill as though it were a 
temple.' The meaning of this is obscure, while the general sense of the 
passage is perfectly plain. The coarse and vulgar fellow suddenly 
become rich still retains the instincts of the slave. He shudders when 
he hears the clanking of fetters, pricks up his ear (i.e. is startled) at 
the sudden snapping of a whip, and cannot see the mill, to the severe 
labor of which slaves were sent as a punishment, without feelings of 
dread akin to religious awe. Tre<ppiKu>s, kt\., concessive, — 'though he 
has these instinctive feelings, yet he is no longer,' etc. 26. dvateropov, 
' holy of holies,' adytum. Sombdt. takes it to mean ' master's house,' but 
cites no authority ; and then for irpoo-Kw&v very inaptly writes irpocrirTvoov, 

which is certainly abhorrent to the sense. (poprjTos, ' bearable,' ' civil.' 

28. t. ojxoSovXcus, ' those who were his fellow-slaves.' 29. &XP 1 & v 
. . . €Kxq] : G. 239, 2; H. 758. 30. k<$ iropviSiov, ktA., 'falling into 
the net of some little hussy or getting a fancy for keeping horses,' etc. 
Horse-fancying is often mentioned as an expensive luxury; cf. Ar. Clouds, 
opening scene. For the use of the parts., v. G. 277, 2; H. 789, b. 

P. 44. 2. Nipe'ojs : cf. II. 2, 671 ff. The handsomest man in the 
Grecian host. Cf. Dial. Mort. 25. 3. Kc'k. ^ K08. : well-known kings 
of ancient Athens. o-vveTwrcpov, ' cleverer.' 4. <rvvdp.a, ' put to- 
gether.' €KKcu8€Ka: comic hyperbole. L. is fond of this number for 

that purpose ; cf. Cock, 12 (72, 12) ; Dial. Deor. 1. €v dK. t. \pov. : 

v. to Char. 14 (22, 29). 5. &0\ios : cf. Char. 14 (22, 28), — 'till he, 
poor devil, squanders in no time at all the riches that had been slowly 
(ko.t bxlyov) accumulated by many perjuries and extortions and ras- 
calities.' 



NOTES. 215 

Since Phitus is blind, he cannot find his way to the worthy ; and as bad 
men are more numerous, he oftener falls into their hands. 

24. 8. avrd, kt\., ' the reality, I suppose (ttov), is about as you 
say.' 9. cuitottovs : in contrast with oi>xi t. ifiavrov irocrl fiatii(c», 
above, 21. 11. diroo-T€iXTj : G. 233; H. 757. 13. -yap : v. above 
to 18 (41, 17). 14. ov -yap av . . . irpoo-rjetv : v. above to 7 (35, 17). 
Aristides, famous alike for his love of justice and his poverty. 15. 'Itt- 
itovikw k. KaWCa : father and son, proverbial for their wealth, like 
Rothschilds of the present day ; not in very good repute otherwise. 
Callias was the stepson of Pericles, and is satirized by Aristophanes for 
his profligate life. Cf. Frogs, 428 ff. ; Birds, 284. For sentiment, cf. 
Plutus, 86 ff. 19. &XP l • • • efi/irccrwv, ' till unawares I fall in with 
somebody.' G. 279, 4 ; H. 801. For subj., v. above to 23 (43, 29). 
20. cr\ t. 'Epfifiv : Hermes was accounted the god of treasure-trove and 
of all sudden and unexpected gains. Hence called KepS&os, below, 41. 

25. 26. Kal [id\a Sikchws, 'yes, and with perfect justice.' 6s V€ = 

qui quidem. G. 238; H. 822. 27. dva^TTjo-ovTa : G. 277, 3; H. 789, d. 

28. irpb iroX. 4k. t. Piou, ' this long time vanished from the world.' 

29. AvyKcvs : one of the Argonauts, famous for his marvellous keenness 
of vision. To his eyes ' the night was as the day, and fire as air.' Cf. 
Morris's poem, 'Life and Death of Jason.' The name was proverbial 
for clear sight. Cf. Char. 7; Icarom. 12; Ar. Plut. 210. 30. Are: 
G. 277, n- 2, b\ H. 795, d. 

P. 45. 1. irovTjpwv . . . eirexov., ' and scoundrels in vast numbers 
control everything in the cities.' 7. thus, ' somehow.' 

He docs not appear before men as he actually is, ugly and deformed, but 
furnished with a wonderful mask. 

26. 10. elpTJcrcTcu yap, ' for it must be said.' A parenthetic formula 
often used by L. when something disagreeable to the speaker or the person 
addressed is to be said. Cf. Icarom. 13 (101, 3) ; Zeuxis, 2. 11. 4k t. 
o-xeXoiv : late and uncommon idiom for ace. of specif. 12. Tvxovxas ■ 
sc. (rod. 14. £wvras : predicative. G. 279, 1 ; H. 800. We use the inf., 

'endure to live.' 15. ovras : ind. disc. G. 2S0 es (3a0vKTJT£a, kt\.: 

an allusion to the poem on poverty by Theognis, in which it is said : 

avSp 1 ayaObv nevir) ttolvtidv 6a/unjeri fxd\i<TTa 

Kal -yjjpu)? ttoXlov, Kvpve, Kal r]TTid\ov. 
t)V Se \ph <t>evyovra Kal e? ^eyaKrjrea woi'rov 

piTTTeiv, Kal n€Tpi>v, Kvpi'e, /car' 7JAi/3aTw*', 



2l6 TIMON. 

16. 4>cpovT€s: v. above to 22 (43, 16). 17. virepopdo-Oai, kt\„ 'think- 
ing they are overlooked (i.e. despised) by you, just because you did 

not look at them at all.' Notice the paranomasia. Snircp : here, 

as after all relative words, irep is emphatic ; but this combination is very 
rare. Fritzsche, with Solanus, reads oreirep. The remark which this 
introduces is a reflection of Hermes, and not a part of the preceding 
statement. 18. t. dpx^v : G. 160, 2, third ex. ; H. 552. 19. &v — 
ofioXovifjareias, el' ti £vvit]s : G. 227, 1 ; H. 750. 20. trauTOv : G. 171, 2; 

H. 576. K0pvj3avTiav, ktA., ' they act like the Corybantes, in being 

madly in love with such an object of passion.' For Corybantes, v. below, 

41. 27. 22. ol'ei -yap : as just above, 24. 6pacr9ai, 'seem.' Hence 

followed by the dat. 27. tj dtvvoia, ktA. : for sentiment, cf. Char. 21. 
30. irpoo-wimov ti, ' a sort of mask.' 

P. 4G. 3. avToirpoo-wirov, ' in my own person.' 5. «s, ' for.' 
6. aiiTcov : G. 173, 2, n. ; H. 577, b, last ex. djJipXv»TTOVTes : predica- 
tive part, in subj. relation, taking the place here of an ace. after kotc- 
yivuxrnov, — ' they would accuse themselves of being short-sighted,' etc. 
G. 279, 1 ; H. 798 ; C. 591, d. r. Tt]XiKavTa : G. 160, 2 ; H. 552. 

Men put on this mask on becoming rich, and are still deceived as to his true 

nature by the retinue of evil qualities that enter along with him. * How 

wily thou art ! ' cries Hermes. 

28. 8. ti oSv, ktA , 'why is it,, then, that even after they have come 

into the possession of wealth,' etc. 10. ^v tis &<j>cupfiTcu . . . &v — 

irpooivTo : v. to Char. 12 (20,29). cni-rovs : G. 164; H. 553. 16. t& 

Troia: the article so used when the quality of something already men- 
tioned is inquired about. Cf. just below, and Ar. Clouds, 1270. H. 538, d; 
K. 465, 2 ; M. 11, R. 5. 18. crujxirapeiCT-^pxcTai XaQwv : a rare con- 
struction; the common one (G. 279, 4; H. 801) would make Kadwv the 
finite verb and <rv/xirap. the participle. Cf. Thucyd. 1, 65; and v. K. 482, 
A. 14. 19. tv<|>os, 'conceit': lit. 'smoke,' 'vapor'; cf. 'airiness.' 
23. Kdp.c . . . vu avTwv, ' and on me, the father, etc. who am accompanied 
by them as by a bodyguard, he dotes with amazement.' 29. 28. 8vcncd- 
toxos, ' hard to keep hold of.' Found only here. 

' But Treasure has been forgotten? 'JVo,' Plutus replies, ' he always remains 
on earth? — Attica is reached. They approach Timo7i, Hermes leading 
Plutus. 
P. 47. 3. <os = &(TT€. irXT]o-id<ravTas ; quite general ; hence no 

article. 4. p.€Ta£ti : v. to Dream, 17. 30. 9. Odppci t. y. cvckci, 



NOTES. 21 7 

' be quite at your ease on that score.' kv r. y^, kt\., ' for every time 

when I ascend to you I leave him behind,' etc. As the act is often 
repeated, pres. part, and not aor., which, however, Cob., V. L. 223, sug- 
gests. 15. x\a;avSos : G. 171, I ; H. 574, b. 17. eS iroi. x €l P-> ' ^ ^ s 
a good thing you keep hold of me.' 18. c YTT€pf36\a> ^ KXe'wvi: famous 
demagogues during first ten years of the Peloponnesian war ; the first a 
lamp-dealer, the second a tanner. For the latter, v. Grote, ch. liv. ; for the 
former, ch. lvi. They were frequently the butt for the old comedy. Cf. 
especially Ar. Knights, where Cleon is unmercifully lashed throughout 
31. 21. 6 Tijxuv ovroori, ' it is Timon just here, near by, digging,' etc. 

Poverty, Labor, and the like are with him. Pint us will flee. After b7'ief 
words with Poverty, she a?id her companions retire ; and they step up to 
Pirn on. 

24. Kal 6 toi. . . . a-n-avTcov, ' and all the host that serve under the 
banner of Hunger.' For similar const, with Tarro/nai, v. Piscat. 20 ; 
Jup. Conf. 7. 27. ri oiv ovk d-iraX. : in such questions the aor. is 
much commoner. K. 386, 10. 

P. 48. 32. 3. 'Apv€u|>6vTa : for the various interpretations of 
this standing epithet of Hermes, v. Keightley's Clas. Myth. 150 f. 
8. inro : because of the passive force of KaKws exoura, — ' ill-used by.' 
Cf. below, 55 (59, 28). Compare use of inr6 after awo8vi)<rKw, and similar 
verbs, Char. 13 (22,4). 12. KTfjjia : incorporated in rel. sentence; 
hence art., as usual, omitted. G. 154; H. 809, a. 13. aKpiPws it. dp. 
Ij-np., 'after it had been carefully perfected in virtue.' 14. €yx €L P l<ra S : 
G. 277, 2; H. 789, £. 15. ojiotov : pred. with airo<pr\vas, — 'having 

rendered him like what he was of old.' a.yevvr\ : antithesis to ytvvaiov, 

1. 10. 16. pa.Kos •ij. 7«v., ' having become no better than an old 
rag.' Cf. Pseudol. 18. 33. 21. ofav p-c oS. air., 'what he will lose 
in me.' Cf. Dream, 18 (9, 15). 22. t. dpurrwv : obj. gen.; neuter, 
cf. Dream, n (6, 6). 24. 8i€T€'\€<rev, 'continued.' Usually accom- 
panied by participle. irpbs av. d-7roJ3X., 'putting his trust in himself.' 

25. wTirep eo-Tty, 'as they really are.' 26. dXXoTpia, 'foreign to 
him,' ' not worth a thought.' With these words of Poverty, cf. what 
Poverty has to say for herself in Ar. Plutus, 467 ff . 

Timon greets them with curses and threats of violence, — whereat Plutus 
quakes, — and states the grounds of his hatred of Plutus. 
P. 40. 34. 1. Tais PjoX. : the article, because the clods and stones 
were just at hand. 3. ov -ydo . . . paXeis, ' for we are not men whom,' etc. 



21 8 TIM ON. 

6. d-yaByj rvyr], 'and good fortune attend you.' A common formula; 

cf. Dem. Olyn. 3, 18. G. 188, 5; H. 604. 8. ^Stj, 'presently.' 

Kairoi : often used, as here, by L. and other late writers, where Attic 
Kaiirep. 10. Kal Itti., /ctA., ' I think I'll just («a/) break his pate,' etc. 
Fut. inf. not seldom after 8oko> ; cf. below, 42 (53, 7). 12. dirl<op.€V : 
G. 253; H. 720, a. 13. ou p.eTpi«s, 'violently'; litotes. 14. p/fj : 
connect with k-Kiw^v. 35. 15. p.i]8lv o-kcuov : sc. iroiei. H. 508, £. 

dXXd, /ctA., ' but lay aside this extreme boorishness and roughness, 

stretch forth your hand, and,' etc. For aypiov, v. G. 139, 2 ; H. 496. 
For rd>, v. Dream, 6. 18. l'o-9t 'A0. t. irpwTa, ' be the first of the 
Athenians.' For t. Trpajra so used, cf. Eur. Med. 917 ; in Lat. Lucret. 1, 86. 
K. 362. 19. pov. av. cvS., ' keeping your good fortune all to yourself.' 

24. TovSe, kt\. : II. 15, 202, words of Iris to the angry Poseidon. 

25. ^v : we prefer the present here. The imp. used with ref. to the 
beginning in past time of the state which still continues. 'It was quite 
natural, after having suffered, etc., to be so and so.' Cf. MT. 11, n. 7; 
K. 383, 5. 26. avrwv : with ref. to noun part of fiKravOpanrop ; so 
instead of r. QeS>v we might have had a pron. referring in the same way to 
fxiarSdeov. 36. 28. d\\d : here, as often in conversation, aAAci makes 
a sudden transition. We in such cases generally use no particle, or, if 
any, the convenient Yankee makeshift ' well.' 29. 4iri|X€Xeias : G. 173, 1. 
H. 577, a. 30. ovk &v XdjB. : v. above to 11 (38, 4). 

P. 50. 1. ri 8tj ; ' why, pray ? ' 2. kch : emphasizes -rraXai. 
3. KctTeo-TT], ' he became,' ' was.' Cf. above, 11 (37, 29), and just below, 38. 

irapaSotJs : with foil, parts., expressive of means. For 8ia<p0e{pas and 

airo(pT]vas, understand e'jue as object. 5. reXos, ' at last,' as Dream, 6. 

7. fji€ : obj. of KaTayv/Avdaao-a, but to be taken with all the foil, parts. 
and verbs, varying the case as they demand. 9. Kdjxvovn : intrans. ; 
freely, ' by labor.' 10. t. iroX. IkcCvwv, ' the great luxuries of former 

days.' G. 171, 2; H. 583. e| avrov, kt\., ' by making all my hopes 

for life depend upon myself.' avrov ifiov more emphatic than i/xavrov. 
Cf. above, 33, irpbs avrhv airo&AeTr&v. 12. 8v o#re, ktA., ' which 
neither fawning flatterer, nor cringing sycophant, nor exasperated mob, 
nor voting assembly-man, nor plotting tyrant could deprive me of.' For 
opt.,- v. G. 226,2,(5; H. 722. 37. 16. Toi-yapovv : like roiydprot, 
emphatic 'therefore.' 18. dX«piTa, ' bread.' 19. iraXLvSpop-os : un- 
Attic word. 21. licavbv -?jv: for mood, v. to /caAws el^ei/, Char. 1 (11,5). 
' It were enough for me,' ' I should be quite satisfied to make all men, 
young and old, groan.' tj{3t]S6v, ' from youth upwards.' Cf. Vitar. 



NOTES. 219 

Auct. 14; Hdt. 1, 172. 22. iroi^crat: G. 259; H. 763. 23. p.T]8afj.<3s, 
actA., ' don't do it, my dear sir; not all of them are adapted to groaning.' 
The humor of this remark is quite irresistible. Timon, savagely : ' I should 
like to make everybody groan ! ' Hermes, quietly, respectfully : ' Yes, 
but don't; some have no aptitude for groaning.' 24. dXX.' '4a, actA., 

' so have done with these pettish, puerile notions,' etc. 26. ovtol, actA. : 
imitation of II. 3, 65, where Paris says, with ref. to the gifts of Aphrodite, 
ov roi airo^K-qT Icrrl Qewu ipiKvftea Su>pa. 

Phitus answers Timoifs charges, and throws all blame upon Timon 

himself. 
28. PovXei Sikcu. : v. to Char. 9(18,10). 29. Xe'vovn : predicative 
part. — ' at my speaking.' Cf. just below, \4yovra. G. 279, 1 ; H. 800. 

P. 51. 1. dvc'fjojJLcu, ktA., 4 1 will put up with your speaking briefly, 
for the sake of Hermes here.' 38. 3. expfiv : like iicavbu i)v, just 
above. 4. KaTTjvop^t'vTa : take in agreement with subj. of previous 
inf. This construction would be impossible in Attic, where one could 
not say K<iT7)yopr)dr)v iy&, but KaTTiyoprjdri 4/j.ov. Cob , V. L. 82, would 
strike out the comma and insert irpos before ovrw (cf. Dial. Mort. 12, 4; 
ib. 16, 3), when the part, would become the modifier of iroWd. iroAAa, 
as it stands, cognate ace. 6. irpoeSpias : v. to Dream, 11 (6, 10). 
7. o-tc^xxvwv, ' crowns of honor.' Cf. below to 51 (57, 26). 8. 81' ijil, 
1 thanks to me.' This clause is parenthetic. 9. ck : often so used by 
late writers, after the example of Herodotus, with passive and neuter 
verbs, where Attic prose usually has viro. 10. (idXXov, ktA., • rather I 
myself have received this wrong at your hands.' toCto, cognate ace. 
(G. 159, n. 4; H. 547, c, and 555, a), explained by the 8i6ti (= 3r*) 
clause. 15. direXaScis : for this and foil, part., v. above to 27 (46, 6). 
16. tin. K€cj>a\r|v, ' headlong.' 17. x^ av ^o$ : much the same as the 
chlamys, only of finer stuff. A mantle of oblong quadrangular shape, 
fastened upon the right shoulder with a button. See Beck. Char. Exc. 1 
to sc. xi. 19. p.TjKe'G' TJKtiv, acta., ' that I might not have to come to 
you who had behaved so despitefully toward me.' 

Timon consents at last to accept wealth again. Hermes exhorts him to 
patience, and departs. Phitus summons Treasure to appear where Timon 
is digging, and leaves him to himself. 
39. 23. wot€ . . . avru, ' so be of good cheer, and abide with him.' 

24. o-KdiTT€, ' keep on digging.' Notice force of present. a>s fe'xcis, 

'as you are'; i.e. 'at once,' 'without delay.' Cf. Menip. 7; Hermot. 63; 



220 TIM ON. 

Hdt. i, 114. 28. ti -yap . . . tis, 'for what could a man do,' etc. koX 
intensive. Cf. Char. 2(11, 23). 

P. *>2. 1. ov8ev d8iK., ' though I have done no wrong.' 40. 3. 8t* 

Ipi, ' for my sake.' As above, 37, 8m t. 'Ep,urjj/. ko.1 el, ' even if.' 

4. ovk: negatives olarov alone, — unbearable'; hence not ^77, though 
in a cond. sentence. Cf. MT. 47, 3, n. ; H. 842. 5. Siappaywo-iv : 

cf. Char. 21 (27, 24). tnrb t. <f>0dvov, 'for envy.' 6. vire'p, * by the 

way of.' Like German iiber. 9. t. elpecria t. irrepwv, ' by the oarage 
of his wings,' 'by the flutter.' Cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 19: remigium alarum. 
11. pdMov 8e, ' or rather keep striking.' 13. dveXeVGai : G. 265 ; 

H. 765 (3a06ias : sc. -ras TrX-qyas. Cf. below, 53 (58, 27). 14. vp.iv : 

G. 184, 3 ; H. 597. 

Timon brings the treasure to light, and bursts into exclamations of joy. 

Then he resolves to live in complete isolation. He will do no kind act ; 

suffer none : even in death he ivill be alone. 
41. 17. Tepdo-Tie, 'sender of marvels'; because of the prodigy Timon 
sees in catching sight of the gold. 18. Kopv(3avT€s: priests of Cybele, 
in Phrygia, who celebrated their rites in the wildest, most excited manner. 
Hence their name became synonymous with frenzy, and a verb, nopv- 
fiavTiav (cf. above, 26), was in common use. So quite natural that Timon, 
almost wild at the sight of the new-found treasure, should cry to them. 

'Eppfj KepSwe : v. above to 24 (44, 20). 19. 8e8ia, /crA., ' I fear, 

at any rate, lest I shall wake and find it coals.' An allusion to the popu- 
lar belief, not yet altogether vanished, that treasure-trove turns to coals. 

23. a> XP v<r€ > ktA - : an iambic trimeter from some lost tragedy of Euripi- 
des ; quoted again, Cock, 14. Seijuopct, 'welcome gift,' 'blessing.' 

24. cu.C6p.evov, ktK. : from the beginning of Pindar's first Olymp. Ode, 

for which, v. Cock, 7. &t€, 'just like a flaming fire.' 26. Aia . . . 

Xpv<rov : allusion to the legend of Danae ; for which, v. note to Dial. 

Mar. 12. t£$ -yap ovk &v . . . vireS^aTO : v. to Char. 4 (14, 5). With 

this section, cf. Timon of Athens, 4, 3 : 

1 What is here ? 
Gold? yellow, glittering, precious gold ? 
No, gods, I am no idle votarist. . . . 
O thou sweet king-killer, and dear divorce 
'Twixt natural son and sire ; thou bright denier 
Of Hymen's purest bed ! thou valiant Mars! 
Thou ever young, fresh, loved, and delicate wooer, 
Whose blush doth thaw. the consecrated snow 
That lies on Dian's lap ! ' 



NOTES. 221 

42. 29. Mi8a : the rich king of Phrygia. Cf. Dial. Mort. 2 All that 
he touched turned to gold, according to the veracious statements of Ovid, 

Metam. II, 85 ff. Kpours : v. to Char. 9 (17, 29). t. ev AeX. 

&va0T|[JLaTa : the treasures of the temple at Delphi were proverbial even 
in Homeric times. 30. fjT€ : the imperfect, especially with &pa, is 
often used, as here (where Eng. prefers the present), of a condition 
previously existent but only just now recognized. MT. ir, n. 6; M. 113, 
R. 3 ; K. 383, 5. For the same idiom in Latin, v. Allen and G. 277, d. 

P. 53. 3. t. Ilavl tovit({), ' to Pan here.' An image of Pan, the god 
of rural life near by. To him he very properly devotes the insignia of the 
life from which his new-found treasure sets him free. Cf. Ar. Plutus, 844. 
4. t. ecrxcu-idv, 'the extremity'; but used of an estate lying upon the 
border or the coast. Here a point on the sea near Halae : Pausanias, 30, 4, 
mentions the tower. 5. p.6vu : G. 138,11.8. 6. Ikcivov : as above, 

37 (50, 21). 7. 'i^av : v. to 34 (49, n). ScSo'x^w, 'let it have been 

decided,' 'be it decreed,' i. e. once for all. His determination put into the 
shape of a law. For tense, v. G. 202, 2, n. 1 ; MT. 18, 2. 10. 'EXcou 
Pw^ds : the altar of mercy was in the agora at Athens, where it stood from 
time immemorial till the death of the Emperor Julian. Cf. Bis Ace. 21 ; 

Pausan. 1, 17, 1. tfGXos iroXtJs, ' utter nonsense.' 12. -rrapavofua, 

ktA.., ' a violation of law and a breach of manners.' 13. KaQcurep t. 
Xvkois : cf. Saturn. 34. 43. 16. p.6vov : adverb, — ' if I merely catch 

sight of a man.' diro<|>pas t| tj|j.€ool, dies ncfastus : a day on which no 

public business was done; hence an 'unlucky day.' 20. ^vXeVai, /crA., 
' the terms fellow-tribesmen, fellow-wardsmen, fellow-townsmen, the 
name fatherland itself, shall be frigid and useless expressions, objects of 
rivalry among senseless men.' (pvXerai were members of the tribes or 
phyles, of which there were ten, after the constitution of Cleisthenes; 
the demes were subdivisions of the tribes; the phratries were more of 
the nature of clans. Cf. Grote, ch. x. 23. Tpv<{>dTtt, ktA., ' let him 
enjoy his luxury alone by himself, free from flatteries and tiresome adu- 
lation.' 26. cKao-Tcn-w t. &XXcov, 'far, far from the world'; so far 
that he has no neighbor, nor even one that borders upon his land ! 

27. Ka0a,7ra|, /ct\., ' be it once for all decreed that he alone shall bid 
himself farewell, and when the time comes to die shall place the wreath 

upon his brow.' Sety-oo-acrOcu, 'give the right hand.' Used in same 

sense as here, X. Cyr. 8, 7, 28. For tense of this and fob inf., v. MT. 23, 1. 

28. o-T€t}>avov iTTivtyKtlv : the dead was crowned, like a victor, with a 
wreath, composed of the flowers in season. C^ De Luct. 1 1 , Ar. Lystr. G02; 



222 TIMON: 

Beck. Char. Exc. to sc. ix. Misanthropy here reaches the climax. He 
will die as he lives, absolutely alone. An epitaph (Anthol. 3, p. 284) 
represents him as still the same after death : 

Kal ve'/cu? £>v Tifxwv aypios, <rv 6e y a> 7rvAaiope 
HkovT(x>vos Tap/3ei, Kt'p/3epe, /xyj ae Suxkyj. 

44. 29. Mi<rav8pw7ros : cf. Le Misanthrope of Moliere, sc. I ; and 
especially the last two acts of Tim. of Athens, — in 4, 3 : 

'I am Misanthropos, and hate mankind.' 

P. 54. 1. el t'Soifu . . . KaTao-fUvvvvcH : used with substantially 

same force as tjv irapacpepr) . . . wQtiv, just below : v. to Char. 1 (11, 9). 

3. KctTao-pevvvvai : this and a>0e?v dependent upon 8z86xQo>, implied 

from above. Cf. MT. 103. For tense, MT. 15, 1, and Rem. 6. «s — 

8wr]0eu] : v. to Char. 1 (11, 1), for mood. 7. t. i'cnp : sc. fio7pav. 

€l<rrryT|<raTO, /crA., ' Timon, the son of Echecratides, of the deme Collytus, 
moved the law ; the said Timon put it to the Ecclesia to vote. Well and 
good ; let this stand decreed, and let us strenuously abide by it.' Article 
omitted before 'Ex^Kparidov, as usual in state papers. Cf. the various 
documents in Dem. on the Crown. It was the duty of the linaTaT^s 
(later irpoeSpoi) to put the motion. Here, With fine humor, Timon is 
represented as proposing the motion, as acting in the capacity of chair- 
man, and as being the deliberating and legislative body all at one time. 
For full description of the ecclesia and mode of procedure in it, consult 
Smith's Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Antiq. 

He wishes the false friends of former days were aware of his new fortune. — 
* Lo, they have heard. First Gnathonides, a poet, approaches. Curses and 
cudgelling are his reception. 

45. 10. irepl iro\. &v iroir)(raijn\v, ' I should consider it a bit of 
good fortune,' 'I would give a good deal.' G. 226, 2, b ; H. 722. 
11. ttcos: has much the same force as tls after adjectives; v. to Dream, I. 

Tcuh-a : explained by the 8ioti (= on, as above, 38) clause. Greek 

often uses neut. pi., as here, where we the sing. H. 518, b. 12. d-yx.ovr] 
. . . avTois, ' that would be as good as hanging for them.' 13. <j>ei) t. 
tcIxods : v. to Char. 13 (22, 15). 16. ^pva-Cov : G. 171,2; H. 576. 

17. cnrtXavva) : G. 256; H. 720, c. tois XiBois : v. to 34 (49, 1). 

19. elo-diraij, 'for this once.' 20. kcu : intensive. wore, kt\., 

1 so let us stand our ground and receive them.' Sxrre as above, 6. 
21. <f>€'p i'8« : v. to Char. 5 (14, 12). 22. rva0wv£8iis : Gnathon 

often occurs in the new comedy as the name of a parasite. Terence has 



NOTES. 223 

Gnatho in the Eunuchus ; Englished, it is ' Cheeky.' 24. IjjiTjfieKcos : 
a comic way of saying he had drunken. cfi ciroujo-tv : v. to 30 (47, 17). 

46. 28, X a ^P € > kt\., ' good day, Timon. How fares it with my finest, 
best of fellows, my prince of boon companions ? ' 30. vnSi : colloquial 

Attic for vr) Aia. k<x! <rv -ye : sc. xa?pe, — ' Zounds ! good day to you, 

my most voracious of vultures, most villanous of men ! ' 

P. 55. 3. del <piX. cni ye, ' you are always fond of your joke.' 

4. as, ' for.' kcuvov ti, ' a brand new.' 5. 8i6vpdp.pwv : lyric 

poetry in honor of Dionysus, and later of other gods, sung originally by 
choruses, afterwards by soloists, characterized by its great freedom of 
versification and tropical luxuriance of imagery. 6. eXe-ycia = e\syov 
here, ' a song of mourning.' Your new-fangled dithyrambs of joy will 

make way for an elegiac strain. p.dXa irepnraGws, ' right pathetically.' 

The word is ambiguous, — ' my mattock will furnish you with pathos.' 
7. vtto rav. t. 8tx., ' with this mattock to accompany you.' 8. papTv- 
pofj-cu, ' I'll summon witnesses.' 10. Tpavpairos : G. 173, 2 ; H. 577, b. 

"Ap«iov irdvov : the court of the Areopagus, which had jurisdiction 

in cases of ' wilful murder and wounding, of arson and poisoning.' 
12. TrpocrK€K\T|crop.ai : in passive sense ; the fut. perf. marks the action as 
emphatically certain. K. 388, 2. 14. Seivws, kt\., ' for it is a sove- 
reign remedy for stanching blood.' 17. <rv 8£ . . . -ytvop-cvos, ' but you 
will get no joy by making a churl out of the fine fellow you were.' With 
this scene cf. Tim. of Athens, act 5, sc. 1. 

Then Philiades, the parasite, who is greeted with like coin'tcsy. 

47. 20. ^tXidS-qs : 'Mr. " Friendly," most abominable of all parasites.' 
22. irpoiKa, ' as dowry.' Cf. Tim. of Athens, sc. 1, where Timon 
enriches his servant Lucilius that he may wed. 23. oitotc, kt\., 
1 when, though all the rest kept silent, he lauded my singing to the skies, 
asserting with an oath,' etc. aaavra predic. in object relation, — 'praised 
me (my) having sung.' 25. kvkvwv : the sweet singing of the swans 
was a current belief of antiquity. 26. -H-X^-yds 6 -ycv. irpocrev. : this is 
the main sentence ; ovtos. 1. 21, the subject. For 6 yevi/a?os> cf. above to 
22 (43, 14). 48. 28. dvcucrxwTias : a delicate stroke. Philiades 
forgets his own impudence, but sees that of Gnathonides. For the gen., 
v. to Char. 13 (22, 15). 

P. 56. 2. 6p.ws, ' nevertheless,' i. e. though we might have claims 
upon him, ' as old acquaintances, and since we were boys together and 
fellow-demesmen,^/ we are moderate.' lirt-ir^Sdv, ' jump upon,' ' crowd 



224 TIMON. 

our way into his society,' ' bore him.' 3. 8ira)s — c^vXagrj : ellipsis of 
governing verb. G. 217, n. 4; H. 756, a. 4. t. Iirl t. Tpair. |idvov, 
' mere trencher-friends.' 6. ovketi, ktA., ' one can't trust anybody any 
more.' TrtanvTea pi., as often in impersonal constructions. H. 518, a. 

tuv vvv : G. 141, n. 3. 9. o>s ttXovtoltjs . . . ttXovtov, 'that you 

were wealthy with enormous wealth.' Cf. Char. 11 (20, 5). 12. 8s kcu, 

ktA., ' for you could recommend even to Nestor what were best.' 

Nec-ropi : king of ' sandy Pylos,' wisest of the Greek host at Troy, 
whose advice was sought in all emergencies. 16. t. xpaviov : v. to 
Char. 5 (14, 24). 

Next Demeas, with a flattering bill in honor of Timon in his hand, which 
he will sicbmit to the Senate. Timon mocks and beats him. 

49. 18. A^p-eas : the public man, ' Mr. Politician.' 20. ckkcuScko, : 

v. above to 23 (44, 4). imp' epov, ' from my purse.' 22. ovk 

cVjtoSiSovs, ' in default of payment.' With this cf. Tim. of Athens, 1, 1, 
where Timon sends the ransom money for Ventidius. 24. 'Ep.ex.9T]'C8i 
<}>vXt} : Lucian nods here. The deme Collytus, to which Timon belonged 
(v. above, 7), was of the Phyle Aegeis, not Erechtheis. Of course, Timon 
would have no right to claim anything in another phyle than his own. 
t. QmpiK6v : a fund out of which the citizens at Athens were fur- 
nished with money to pay the entrance fee to the theatre and for similar 
purposes. For full information, v. Bockh, Publ.' Econ. bk. 2, ch. 13. 

25. t. •yivop.evov, 'what was due.' Cf. Dream, 1. ovk tyr\ : in Eng. 

we put the neg. with the dependent verb in this case. Latin {nego) agrees 
with the Greek. Cf. our colloquial ' I don't think he will come,' where 
neg. more properly belongs to the subordinate clause. 26. itoX£tt]v : 
only citizens had a right to this gratuity. 50. 27. t. ne'va 6<{> , ' the 
great ornament.' Aeschines has this expression (De Fals. Leg. 24) ironi- 
cally of Demosthenes. 28. t. 2p€io-jxa : so Pindar says of Athens, — 
al Kiirapal /cat aoiSi/not 'EAAaSos epeicr/xa 'AQavai. 29. kcu u.T|V, 

* assuredly.' 6 8f]p.os £w€i\., ' the people in assembly' ; by whom the 

proposed law must be passed. 30. al $ov. djicpoT. : the Court of the 
Areopagus and the Senate or Boule of Five Hundred. This is a bit of 
bombastic extravagance. The Areopagus at this time had nothing to do 
with legislation. 

P. 57. 1. virlp crov, ' in your favor.' 2. 6 'Ex*. : it is more usual 
to omit article in such a legal formula. Cf. above to 44 (54, 8). 3. koAos 
KctvaOos, 'of genuine culture.' The Greek ideal of all manly excellence 



NOTES. 22 5 

summed up in this constantly recurring phrase. Translation must vary 
according to connection. 5. SiaTeXei irpctTTwv, ' continually does what 
is best.' Usual formula in public decrees of men who deserved well at 
the hands of the state. 6. v€vikt]K€ . . . Iv 'OXvp/nia, ' has been victor 
at Olympia in boxing,' etc. More usual idiom were 'OXv/xiria, ace. pi., as 
below, 53 ; as also Lat. vincere Olympia. But as the kind of victory is 
described by the use of the cognate ace, the present idiom is preferred to 
prevent accumulation of aces. 7. reXeiw ftppa-rt, ' four-in-hand of full- 
grown steeds'; as distinguished from a span of colts, avvcaplSi ircoALicfj. 
9. dXX, ktA., 'but I have never been to Olympia as a spectator even.' 
Cf. Ar. Wasps, 1188; Thucyd. 3, 104. 11. ti oZv ; ' what 's the odds?' 

12. irpoo-K€io-0ai, ' be added ' = passive of irpocrTi9r]fxi. kcu — 8e : 

the emphatic word placed between. Cf. above, ^3, xal v/j.e7s 5e. 13. irpcs 
'Axapvcus, ' at Acharnae.' This was the largest deme in Attica, some 
seven miles north of Athens. In the second year of the Peloponnesian war 
Archidamus, after slight fighting, established his camp here, and laid waste 
the surrounding country. Cf. Thucyd. 2, 19 ff. ; and v. Grote, ch. xlviii. 
It seems improbable Lucian should have mentioned in such a connection 
a battle in which the Athenians were unsuccessful; so quite possibly we 
should read, with Hemsterh., irpbs 'Atcappavas. The Acarnanians were 
often allied with the Spartans in this war. 14. popas : a division of 
the Spartan infantry of from 500 to 900 men. 51. 15. \dp, ' why!' 

ovSt, kt\., 'my name was not even on the list', viz. of those capable 

of bearing arms. 17. perpia, ' modesty.' Cf. /A€Tpid£o/*€v, above, 48. 
19. \|rn<J>io\ \pd<J>wv, ' by the introduction of measures.' 20. ov piKpd, 

' great services.' Litotes. lir! tovtois, 'for these reasons.' 21. ttj 

PovXt] : the Senate of Five Hundred. rfj 'HXiafa : the Court of the 

Heliasts, the highest popular court at Athens. It consisted of 6000 
members, chosen annually by lot, who were divided into several smaller 
divisions. (Cf. Smith, Diet. Gr. and R. Antiq.) But this had nothing 
whatever to do with legislation. All that is said of it here is the absurd 
bombast of the half-cultured politician in his extravagant flattery of 
Timon. The buncombe continues when it is proposed to ' erect a golden 
statue of Timon' (xpw- avacr. r. Tl/xoova), which shall combine the charac- 
teristics of both that of Zeus and of Apollo. 26. XP^ " ^ o"T€<|>dvois : 
men who had deserved well at the hands of the state were honored by the 
presentation of chaplets, at first of simple olive twigs, but later of gold. 
It was one of the latter which furnished the occasion for the great oration 

of Demosthenes ' On the Crown.' dva.KT]pvx6fivai : viz. by the herald 

15 



226 TIM ON. 

in the theatre at the great Dionysiac festival, celebrated in March. Cf. 

Dem. De Cor. 220. 28. rpa^wSois ; G. 189; H. 613. &x6f}vai, 

ktA., ' for to his honor the Dionysia is to be celebrated to-day.' Flattery 
could hardly reach a pitch of higher extravagance, — Christmas shall 
come to-day in honor of him ! 

P. 58. 1. kcu -ydp, ' for also.' Kai to be taken with prjrup &p. 

to, tiXka : cf. above to t. irpwra, 35 (49, 18). 52. 2. <rou : ethical ; 
v. to Char. 1. 4. eirl t. cr. ovopaxi, ' after your name.' Late use of 
ivt with dat. ; vir6 with gen. more usual. Cf. Plutarch, Rom. 19. 
5. ocra . . . elSevcu, ' so far as I know.' nat intensive. G. 268 ; H. 772. 
Cf. Jup. Trag. 10. 7. i% veWa, ' another year.' 9. ^St], ' at once.' 
10. & ovtcs, ' my fine fellow.' G. 148, n. 2 ; H. 680, a. 12. TvpavviSi 
eirix.'* ' are you aiming at royal power.' The worst political sin in the 
eyes of the liberty-loving Athenians, as with us, was an attempt to subvert 
the constitution. 13. ou ko.9. k\sv. ov8* av. <5Sv, ' when not even your 
title to freedom is perfectly clear.' Said of a person one of whose parents 
had been a slave. 53. 18. 8i]\os & <tvko. : G. 280, n. 1 ; H. 797. 
19. t. 67ri(r668o|j.ov, ' the treasury'; lit. 'the back chamber' of a temple. 
Here that of the Parthenon, which was used as the treasury, is no doubt 
meant. 21. SiwpvKTat : Attic would be diopwpvuTou. Veitch, p. 503. 
29. 'iv . . . cmrpuj/as, ' if I could not annihilate one abominable little 
manikin.' 

Then Thrasycles, the professional philosopher, is seen approaching. Tim 071 
sketches his character ; endures a tedious speech of hollow advice, and 
charitably repays him with heavy mattock blows. 

P. 59. 54. 2. @pa<rvKXi]s : ' Mr. Boldface ' gives an idea of the 

force of this name. 3. piv ofiv, ' assuredly it is no other.' eKircTdcras, 

ktA., ' with parted beard, and eyebrows upward trained, and swaggering 
away (n) all to himself,' etc. 4. t. 6<}>pvs &vctT. : a sign of pride. 

Cf. Catapl. 4. f3p€v6-u6pevos : cf. Ar. Clouds, 362. The Latin version 

takes it in a pregnant sense : graviter secum ac snperbe murmurans. 
5. TiTCiv. pXe'ir., ' looking every inch a Titan.' G. 1 59, n. 2 ; H. 547, c. 

■ dva<r€(rop. t. 4. t. peT. Kop/nv, ' with his front hair brushed back in a 

scared sort of way.' 6. AvTo(3op€as tis, ' a sort of regular Boreas.' 
avro used rarely in composition with proper nouns, as so often with 
common, to emphasize the reality. In Rhet. Praec. 12, AvroOals- 
7. ofovs 6 Z. 2"ypa\{/€v, ' as Zeuxis painted them.' Zeuxis, a celebrated 
painter of Heraclea, who lived in the age of the Peloponnesian war, dis- 



NOTES. 227 

tinguished for the charming beauty and life-likeness, as well as expressive- 
ness, of his pictures. Read Lucian's description of one of his pictures in 
his ' Zeuxis or Antiochus.' Cf. Liibke, bk. 2, ch. I. 8. o-xvnpci . . . 
pd8i<rpa : notice chiasm, and cf. to Dream, 6 (4, 2). 9. pvpia 6<ra, 
'quite innumerable.' For this use of 6V0, v. M. 19S, a, R. 4 ; K. 349/, 7, e. 
10. t. f|8ovi] X at P'» ' tne votaries of pleasure.' 11. t. oXi-yapKe's, 

1 frugality.' ItteiSti — dcpiKotTo . . . opefjeiev . . . emSeiKvvTai : for use 

of opt., cf. to Char. 1 (n, 9|_. 12. jxcydX-qv : predicate, v. to Dream, 2. 
13. £wpoT€pu>, ' less tempered,' viz. than usual. Greeks usually tempered 
their wine with water. 14. KaGdirep, kt\., ' as though he had drained 
a beaker from Lethe, he conducts himself in a manner directly opposite 
to his morning lectures.' For Artdrjs, v. to Char. 21 (27, 24). 19, ttjv 
dp«TTJv, ' his virtue,' ' /'/^virtue' he prates so much about ; while above, 

1. 9, we have irepl dperrjs without the article, simply ' about virtue.' 
20. u>s — Ko.TaXi7roi : v. to Char. 1 (11, 1). 55. 21. pep-v}/. del, 
1 continually finding fault,' ' never satisfied.' 22. t. irXax. 6Xov, 'the 

whole pastry.' povos t. £XX<ov, 'alone among all'; lit. 'alone of the 

rest.' Cf. Eng., ' he of all others.' 23. f[ 8 ti . . . ocpeXos, ' or what- 
ever his insatiable greed and voracity fancies.' 24. ovk . . . op-y^s, 
4 not only to the point of singing and dancing, but also of abuse and 

anger.' opxvqo-rvos = bpxh<nu>s : found only in Homer and Euripides. 

26. €irl t. kvXiki, 'cup in hand.' tot« 8tj, ktA., 'then doubtless, 

best of all, concerning moderation and propriety.' What a picture ! what 
a commentary upon the so-styled philosophy of those times ! A tipsy, 
gluttonous old fellow hiccoughing upon the company maudlin praises of 
temperance and virtue! 28. t,8t], kt\., 'already the worse for his 
untempered potations, and his utterance laughably thick.' vTrorpavAlfav 
found only here. 

P. 60. 1. avX-rp-pi'Sos : female flute-players were always present at 
the symposia. See Beck. Char. Exc. to sc. ii., and Exc. 2 to sc. vi. 

2. t. 7rpa>T€uov : depends upon irapax^p. ; G. 174; H. 5S0, — 'would 
not yield the palm to anybody in lying or impudence or avarice.' 

5. t. irpun-a : v. above to 35 (49, 18) f| -yoT]Teia ; ktA., 'imposture goes 

before him, shamelessness walks at his side.' 6. kg.1 8Xws, ktA., ' in 
short, a creature versed in all but everything, in every respect accom- 
plished, and with a variety of perfections.' 9. XP 1 ! "™? ^ v > ' fi ne fellow 

though he is'; ironical. irairai, ktA., 'the plague! Thrasycles is 

late.' rifuv ethical. 5G. 11. t. iroX. tovtois : dependent upon ravrd. 
G. 1S6; H. 603. 12. worrep ol, kt\. : explains the preceding com- 



228 TIMON. 

parison. 14. iXirlBi : cause. G. 188, i ; H. 611. 15. otov <re'=o!os 

ab el. t. ovTwv koivcovikov, ' liberal with his possessions.' G. iSo, i ; 

H. 584, a. 16. |xd^a : for food of the Greeks, v. Beck, Char. Exc. 1 
to sc. vi. 19. fj evveaKovvos : a fountain in the south-eastern portion 
of Athens, not far from Ilissus, known also by the name KaXKippot] ; 

introduced by Peisistratus. It had nine pipes, whence the name. 

Tpi:3o)v : a short mantle of coarse texture, worn by the Spartans and by 
all who affected the Spartan simplicity of manners, as notably the Cynics 

and Stoics. f,s (3oi>Xet ■== cnjusvis. 22. crov — X°P lv ■' Attic would 

be gt)v x°-P LJ/ y t ua gratia. Cf. just below, ifxavrov x°-P lv ' G. 160, 2 ; 

H. 552 and 677. a>s |xt| Sia<j>6eipT] : G. 216, 2; H. 740, a. 25. el 

ireidoio . . . enJSaXeTs : v. to Dream, 8 (4, 23). p-dXio-ra p.e'v, 'you will 

do best to throw,' etc. Antithesis to this ixiv, 5e, 1. 30. 28. es pdQos, 
' into deep water.' 29. ep-ov opwvros p.dvov : this marks in a striking 
way the sincerity of the advice. 57. 30. ori 8e: for 5e' in apodosis, 
v. G. 227, 2 ; MT. 57. 

P. 61. 1. KctTU. tcLxos : as in 10 (37, 8). 3, c5 p.ev ..." 8e = 
tci) fi.lv . . . t$ 5e. G. 151, n. 3, end; H. 525, a, )8. 4. el — cl't] . . . 
Sikcuos (sc. e<rrat): as just below, 'luavov (sc. co-rat) et . . . rapdcrxois. 
MT. 54, 2, a. 8. 7TTJpav, ' wallet.' The sack {irripa), the coarse short 
mantle (rpi^wv), and the staff (!=v\ov) were the outward signs of the 

simplicity-affecting doctrine-mongers of the day. ov8e BXovs, ' not 

quite.' p.e8lp.vovs AlvivnriKovs, ' bushels of Aegina.' The bushel of 

Aegina contained something more than two of our bushels. So the 
philosopher makes a grotesquely modest demand. 10. p/nSev . . . 
<j>poveiv, ' think of nought beyond his wallet'; i.e. be content with bare 
necessities. 12. irpb t. irTJpas : short for irpb rov r. trhpav ijxirXriacn. 

13. el Soxei, ' if you please.' <j>e'pe : v. to Char. 5 (14, 12). 17. p.wv 

ti, ktX., ' I haven't given you short measure, have I?' 18. \oiviKas : 
a choenix was about a quart. 

The throng increases, and Timon takes refuge upon a slight hill, and pelts 
them as they come with stones. 

58. 20. BXevJ/ias, ktX., ' Shark,' ' Sharer,' and ' Skinflint ' give a notion 
of these names. 21. Kal oXov t. crvv. t. ol{i«£., ' and the whole array 
of those whom a groaning awaits.' 23. dvairauto : deliberative subj. 

24. 8ti: v. above to 10 (^7, n). eirixaXa^a), 'hail them as they 

approach.' The word found only here. 



DIALOGUES OF THE GODS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The popular religion had long ago ceased to exercise much 
influence or maintain much hold upon the hearts of the cultured 
classes. Philosophy had usurped the homage once paid to the 
gods of Olympus. But the ancient forms had been retained ; 
and in Lucian*s time earnest efforts were put forth on the part of 
some to divert men's minds from the unsatisfying disputes of the 
philosophical sects to a sort of orthodox faith in the old religion. 
Against this artificial revival of mythologic faith Lucian strenuously 
opposed the influence of his clear and practical common sense and 
his tremendous powers of satire. In none of his writings is this 
seen to better advantage than in the Dialogues of the Gods. 

In the composition of these he assumes, without question or 
cavil, the perfect truth of the traditional views of the gods as given 
in the scriptures of ancient Greece, — the Homeric and Hesiodic 
poems. The absurdities, inconsistencies, and immoralities are 
accepted as matter of history. He adds nothing to the popular 
legends and beliefs to make them more grotesque than they already 
were ; but he deprives them of the glamour of poetry in which they 
were usually presented, and gives them to us in a- perfectly cold, 
colorless, matter-of-fact manner. He accomplishes this by allow- 
ing us to see the gods in their ordinary life, — in neglige, as it 
were, — and to overhear them as they discuss the every-day topics 
and scandals of Olympic life, or engage in private disputes or 
domestic brawls. If what we have been told of the lives and 
actions of the gods is true, then these scenes, with their jealousies 
and scandals, their paltry strifes and petty motives, are quite a 



276 DIALOGUES OF THE GODS. 

matter of course. The satire is of that fine sort which consists in 
putting yourself among the number of those who are to be satir- 
ized, and with naive innocence revealing the secret principles and 
motives of their actions. The reader is left to draw his own infer- 
ence. In these dialogues the lesson is very plain, though nowhere 
stated. Can one reverence and worship beings with such weak- 
nesses, such foibles, such scandalous and immoral lives ? 

As so many of the most damaging anecdotes of the gods had to 
do with their improper relationships with one another and with 
men, it is not surprising that these should play a large role in the 
Dialogues of the Gods. Many of the most powerful, therefore, 
are not altogether suitable for the class-room. The ones here 
chosen, out of the twenty-six which make up the number,* afford 
a fair sample of their exceeding gracefulness of style and language, 
their perfect ease and naturalness of dialogue, their genial humor, 
and at the same time of that implication of satire which is their 
informing spirit. 



NOTES. 



1. HEPHAESTUS AND APOLLO. 

Apollo entertains Hephaestus with an account of Hermes, the baby thief, and 
inventor of the cithara. 

P. 116. 1« 1. to rf\s Maias (Sp&fxis : Hermes. Already in the 
Odyssey Hermes is spoken of as the patron of theft. It is owing to his 
grace that Autolycus (Od. 19, 396) is so successful a thief. One should 
compare Horace, Car. 1, 10, where all Hermes's attributes are mentioned; 
and the Homeric hymn to Hermes, of which Shelley has a translation. 
Cf. also Cox's 'Tales of Anc. Greece.' 3. 8t]\oi IjSi), ktA., 'gives 

* Two others, Prometheus and Deorum Concilium, are really dialogues of the gods, 
but they are not included in the collection of that name. 



NOTES. 277 

evidence already that he is going to turn out something fine.' atrofSTivS- 
fievov predicative part., agreeing with subj. of 5t?Ao?. 6. 'IcurcTov : one 

of the Titans, father of Prometheus. Cf. Hes. Theog. 507 ff. ocrov 

err! ttj iravovp-yia, 'so far as roguery is concerned.' Cf. Jup. Trag. 21. 

10. tovtov : connect with rb fupos. IgsXiciKre Xa6dv : v. to Tim. 

2S (46, 18). 2. 13. Tavira . sc. iiroirjai. o ficXis ecrrr|K6, ' who 

can barely stand alone.' 17, ko.1 p/rjv, 'nay but'; lit. ' and yet,' that 
is, ' (I do not know,) and yet he has already paid me a visit.' 

P. 117. 6. o^i\eip, ' light-fingered.' 7, cxji.e\errja-as : masculine 
by synesis. H. 523. 3. 12. c!ra p,eTa£-.3, kt\., ' then, while he was 
being congratulated and Aphrodite was hugging him/ etc. 14. t. Aibs 
8« -ycX. in, 'while Zeus was still laughing'; viz. because of his throwing 
Eros. 15. iroXv : pred. Cf. Char. 11 (20, 1). 17. -yop-ydv riva t. 
iraioa <j>-r|s, ' he must be quite a prodigy, by your tale.' For riva, v. to 
Dream, 1. 4. 20. xA" VT l v : Hermes invented the lyre, or rather cithara, 
as he returned from his theft of the cattle of Apollo. Cf. the Homeric 
hymn, 25 ff. 21. ittjx 61 ? "Y^p, kt\., ' for he fitted arms to it, and 
connected them with a bar, and then inserted pegs and placed a bridge 
underneath, and on it stretched seven strings,' etc. The irfo 6 '* were the 
graceful curving arms extending from the sounding-board of the lyre ; 
these were 'yoked' at the upper end by the Cvy6v, into which the pegs 
(k6\\ott€s, here the un-Attic /cdAAa^Soi)? by which the strings were fastened 
and tightened, were inserted. The fiayds was the bridge, as in a modern 
guitar. 24. J>s k6l\u, kt\., ' so that even I, who have long practised/ 
etc. Apollo, indeed, is said to have been so charmed with the playing of 
Hermes that he allowed him to keep the cattle he had stolen. 27. &XPS 
'clear to.' 28. kXc^wv : G. 277, 3; H. 7S9, </. 29. pd{38ov t. ireir., 
' he has made himself a sort of staff,' etc. Hermes is always represented 
as carrying this winged wand. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4, 242 ff . : 

4 Turn virgam capit : hac animas ille evocat Oreo 
pallentis, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit; 
dat somnos adimitque, et kimiua morte resignat.' 

P. 118. 1. imtyviov etvot, ' for a plaything.' 2. t?)v n-vpavpav : 
he is just going to say KA.e-.fas, when Hephaestus interrupts him. 



278 DIALOGUES OF THE GODS, 



2. ZEUS, ASCLEPIUS, AND HERACLES. 

Zeus interferes in a qitarrel between Asclepms and Heracles as to which 
should have the higher seat. 

1. 6. irpoKaTaxXCveo-GaX [xov, 'sit above me.' Persons sat, or rather 
reclined, at table according to their rank. 8. <3 4[i.j3p6vTT|T€ : v. to 
Tim. 1 (32, 3). Used here probably in both strict and derived signifi- 
cation. Zeus smote Asclepius with his bolt for having restored Glaucus 
to life, but at Apollo's request exalted him to the number of the gods. 
9. KttT &.60V, ' out of compassion.' 11. imXeA/no-cu — KaTCKJAeyas : 
an unusual combination in prose. Cf . Eurip. Bacch. 188. G. 280; K. 484, 1 1 . 

-yap : v. to Char. 11 (19, 13). 12. 4v *rfj (Kttj : a mountain in the 

extreme south of Thessaly, not far from Trachis. Here Heracles built 
his pyre, and ended his earthly career in flames. For the sufferings which 
led him to this, v. Ovid, Metam. bk. 9, and the last half of Sophocles's 

Trachiniae. 14. T)[iiv ■ G. 188, 3; H. 600 os, ' for I.' 16. t. (3iov: 

v. to Char. 15 (23, 14). Grjpia KaTa/ywvi^opevos, kt\, : allusion to the 

twelve labors, for which cf. ' Tales of Anc. Greece.' Cf. Soph. Trach. 
1092 ff., where Heracles recounts how he 

1 Subdued by force the Nemean habitant, 

The lion, troubler cf the flocks and herds, 

A monster none might war with nor approach ; 

And that Lernaean hydra, and the host 

Of Kentaurs, all of double form, half-horse, 

Fearful, and fierce, and lawless, strong and proud, 

The beast of Erymanthos, and the dog 

Of Hades, with the triple head, 

A portent awful ; and the dreaded shape 

Of that fierce serpent, and the dragon guard, 

That at the world's end watched the golden fruit.' — Plumtre. 

P. 119. 1. im0T|<r€iv ; depends upon XP^'A 10 * 5 similar to Seivbs 
Aryeu/, etc. G. 261, i; H. 767. Cob., V. L. 218, would substitute els 

iirtOeaii/ t. <pap|ji.&K<Dv : partitive. G. 170, 1 ; H. 574, e. 2. 4. dvfjX- 

Ges T|p.£<b\€KTO$ : while Heracles was burning, a cloud came down from 
heaven and carried him away to Olympus. 5. x. tT< * V0S : l ^e garment 
given him by Deianeira, steeped in the blood of the centaur Nessus. 
For a vivid description of the woes this brought him, see Soph. Trach. 
759 ff. 7. cSovXcuo-a, kt\. : a reference to the three years' service of 
Heracles to Omphale, queen of Lydia. He lived here, late writers say, 
an effeminate life, attired as a woman, and spinning wool, and sometimes 



NOTES. 279 

reproved for his awkwardness in holding the distaff by a tap from the 
queen's slipper. 9. oXX' ovSe : cf. Icarom. 6 (95, 17). 'No, nor did I 
even fall into a fit ol madness, and put children and wife to death.' In 
his madness he slew Megara and her children. 13. eirl KetpaXijv, 
* headlong.' 14. Ilaiwva : Homer represents him as the physician of 

the gods. Cf. 11.^, 401 and 899. to Kpaviov <ruvTpi{3e'vTa : instead of 

ace. of specif., the gen. might have been used. Cf. Char. 5 (14, 24); 
Tim. 48 (56, 16). 16. <$>y\J-i: not seldom so placed after the imperative, 
as in English, to give it a certain emphasis. Cf. Dial. Mort. 22, 1. 
19. &T6 kciC, utpote etiam. See to Tim. 21 (42, 27). 



3. APHRODITE AND EROS. 

Aphrodite learns from Eros why it is that Athena, the Muses, and Artemis 
are unaffected by him. 

P. 120. 1. 1. €ir* €»«£vt]s, 'in her case.' 2. t| 8rfs — outtwv : 

the torch, which no one could touch with impunity, and the arrows carried 

in a golden quiver, were the regular arms of Eros. crv 8e &to£os d 

Kal do-Toxos, ' and aim and arrow fail you.' A graceful repetition of 
what has already been said. 10. cwpwirXio-as av. k. vevCKTpcas, ' you 
disarmed him, and have him in subjection.' Notice the combination of 
tenses : the aor., of a simple, momentary past act ; the perf., of the act 
and resultant condition, — 'you have subdued him, and kept him so.' 
K. 384, 2. 13. diXXws : v. to Tim. 23 (43, 24). 18. Spiuv : v. to 
Icarom. 23 (108, iS). 19. irpdo-toTrdv ti, ktA., ' a horrible head of some 
sort, with snakes for hair.' The Gorgon or Medusa head upon the shield 
of Athena. 20. p.opp.oXvTT€Tcu, ' gives me a scare.' Cf. Plato, Crito, 
46 C. The Mormo was the bugbear of the Greek nursery. 2. 23. Kal 
TaOra, ' and that too.' . 24. MoOcrcu : cf. Anthol. Pal. 9, 39 : 

'A KuVpi? Movo-cu<ti • Kopdcrta, rac '\<f>po5iTav 

Tt jaar', jj tov "Epcoi/ vfXfjLiv i(j)OTr\Ccroixai. 
\al MoCcrai irorl Kinrpiv • ''Apet ra <TTa)ju.vAa Tavra 

y\fj.iv 6' ou Trirarai tovto t6 naiSdpiov. 

25. ?5<o Pe\c5v, 'out of range.' 28. ircpl u>8tjv ^x. OV(rl ) <are busy about 
their singing.' Cf. Saturn. 23, for same idiom ; also X. Hell. 7, 4, 28. 
29. KT|\ovp.evo9 vtrb r. piXovs, ' spell-bound by their song.' 

P. 121. 3. rb piv 6Xov: v. to Char. 2 (12, 6). 4. dra KaC, ktA., 



280 DIALOGUES OF THE GODS. 

' then she has her own little private love affair besides.' For epcora ip$, 
v. to Char, n (20, 5). 6. tivos: depends on ipa. 7. alpeiv re. kt\., 
' both to catch them by pursuit and to bring them down with her bow.' 
The infs. depend upon ipa., being explanatory of what has just been said. 
8. Kal oXcos, kt\., * and to such a life she is wholly devoted,' 'she cares 
for nothing else.' 9. kciitoi : v. to Tim. 34 (49, 8). 10. Kal avTov, 
et ipsitm. Eros is interrupted by Aphrodite just as he is about to say 



4. ARES AND HERMES. 

Ares expresses to Hermes no very reverent opinion of a certain boast once 
uttered by Zeus. 

1, 12. ota: G. 159, n. 2; H. 547, £. 14. <mpdv Ka9^o-w : allusion 
to II. 8, 18 ff. Lucian often reminds Zeus of this famous bit of boasting. 
Cf. Jup. Conf. 4 ; Jup. Trag. 45. 15. KaTatrirdv pido-ecrOe, ' will make 
every effort to draw me down.' This construction, with fiidCeaBai, is of 
very rare occurrence. Cf. Thucyd. 7, 79. 17. el CeXvjo-cujxi . . . 
jASTewpidi : v. to Dream, 8 (4, 23). 20. Ka6' ?va iravrcov, ' than all indi- 
vidually' 22. tmcpcpe'pciv : sc. abrou. KaTcnrov^o-€iv : sc. r,p.as. 

P. 122. SJ. 1. evcj^ixei : v. to Char. 12 (21, 11). 2, \l1\ ko.i ti, 
kt\., ' lest with some evil too your nonsense may be fraught for us.' 
For azroXaio-cajj.ev and gen., v. to Tim. 2 (33, 1). 4. ol'ci -yap, 'why, do 
you think,' etc. Cf. Tim. 24 (44, 13). 5. Ix € l xv * € "' : tms word used 
by Jamblichus, besides Lucian. Found also in Cock, 2. 8. 6 IIo<rci8(5i/, 
ktA.. : II. 1, 399 ff. 10. iravToios fjV 8«8id&s, ' left no stone unturned in 
his fright'; lit. 'was of every shape.' 11. Kal Tavra Tpets Svras, 'and 
that too though there were only three of them.' Ace. in agreement with 
avrovs, suppressed object of dedu&s. 



DIALOGUES OF THE SEA-GODS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The fifteen brief Dialogues of the Sea-Gods do not differ essen- 
tially, in general scope or style of treatment, from the Dialogues 
of the Gods. The satiric motive, however, seems to be less pro- 
nounced ; and many of them are evidently little more than graceful 
descriptions of mythologic events, especially of such as were favor- 
ite themes with the artists. As a whole, they are inferior in merit 
to the preceding class, — less interesting in their matter, less 
finished in their manner. But there are some among them — 
notably those here given — which betray the author's happiest 
mood and most charming touch. 



NOTES 



1. CYCLOPS AND POSEIDON. 

Polyphemus complains to Poseidon of the woful injury and the wanton 
insult he had suffered from Odysseus. 

P. 123. 1. The story is drawn from the Odyssey, 9, 216-542 ; 
which compare, either in the original or in Butcher and Lang's translation. 
Cf. also Euripides's satyric drama, the Cyclops. 1. viro, ' at the hands 
of.' 2. KOtfjL^fxcva) : sc. fioi. Dat. after e-wixeip-fto-as. 6. OStiv: same 
as oVtis, of course, in sense. Cf. Od. 9, 366 and 504 ; Eur. Cyc. 549 and 



282 DIALOGUES OF THE SEA-GODS. 

690 ff. ; Ar. Wasps, 184 ff direicdXei, ' nicknamed.' 7. $■« pe'Xous : 

like e|« jSeAoj*', Dial. Deor. 19, 2. 10. oti8e irdvv, ktA., 'for he is no 
very courageous man.' Odysseus was more famous for his shrewdness, 
cunning, and practical wisdom. 2. 13. ttoXXovs Tivas, ' quite a 

number.' SijXov 0V1, 'of course'; parenthetic. 16. Se'vSpov : v. to 

Tim. 32 (48, 12). 17. !4>&VT]o-av — impwjxevot • v. to Dream, 3 (2, 19). 
18. aJo-rrep eiKos fjv, ' as was reasonable.' 

P. 124. 1. 6Vras : causal. G. 277, 2 ; H. 789, c. 3. meiv : 

G. 265; H. 765. <f>dpjj.ax:6v ti, 'some kind of potion.' The potion 

was nothing but fine and fragrant old wine. 4. empovXoTaTov 8. k. 
Tap., ' but most treacherous and maddening.' 5. ircpi<{>€peo-0ai, ' went 

spinning round.' 6. dvecrTpe'<p€To, 'was turned upside down.' ■ 

ovkc'ti . . . ^ jif]v, ' I was no longer master of myself.' For £v i/navrov 
(sc. oltKip), cf. Ar. Wasps, 642. G. 141, n. 4; H. 509, b, 0; K. 431, 1. 
?lf*.W, mid. imperf. of el/xi; rare, if found at all, in classic Attic. Cf. 
Veitch, p. 225. 9. d-ir' exdvov, kt\., 'since then, you see (aoi), I have 
been blind.' For use of present, v. MT. 10, 1, n. 3; and cf. similar usage 
in Latin and German, aoi ethical; v. to Char. 1. 3. 11. (3a0viv : 

sc. Virvov; cogn. ace. 12. p.£Ta|v : v. to Dream, 17. oSv, 'well.' 

Simply marks resumption of the real subject after the exclamation. 
13. «{> ot8* #ti : v. to Dream, 18. 17. iO^pcov, ' I tried to catch.' 
G. 200. n. 2 ; H. 702. 18. 4vTeiX.dp.evos t. Kpu3, ' enjoining upon the 
ram what he was to do for me.' The speech of the Cyclops to his ram, 
Od. 9, 447 ff., implies nothing of this sort. But this representation of 
the Cyclops taking his ram into his confidence and making him his vice, 
implies a subtle characterization of the Caliban nature of the monster. 
4, 20. vtt ixeivois : v. Od. 9, 425 ff.; and the parody, Ar. Wasps, 180 ff. 
Odysseus bound the sheep together in triples, placing a man under the 
middle sheep in each case. The ram was held back till the last, and, 
clinging under his belly, Odysseus made his escape. 21. eiriPo^o-ao-0ai 
eir cuutov, ' summoned to your assistance against him.' 28. ovoe 6 
TrctTfjp, kt\. : Od. 9, 525. When Odysseus uttered this reproach, Poly- 
phemus prayed to Poseidon that Odysseus might never return home, or, 
if he did, it should be only after long and disastrous years and loss of all 
his friends, borne in a strange vessel, and to find trouble awaiting him. 
All this Poseidon brought about. 30. Odppei, ' be of good cheer.' 



NOTES. 283 

2. POSEIDON AND ALPHEUS. 

Alphens confides to Poseidon the story of his love for Arethnsa. 

P. 125. 1. Alpheus was the name of a river of the Peloponnesus, 
which flows hard by Olympia, and falls into the Ionian Sea. Arethusa 
was a fountain springing up in the island Ortygia, a part of the city 
Syracuse. It was fabled that the waters of the river passed pure through 
the sea, and rose to the day again in the fountain. This legend is fre- 
quently made use of by the poets. Cf. e.g. Pindar, Nem. 1 ; Ovid, Metam. 

5, last part; Verg. Aen. 3, 694 ff. ; also Shelley's poem beginning 'Are- 
thusa arose from her couch of snows.' For a pleasing version of the 
myth, v. Cox's 'Tales of Anc. Greece'; for its explanation, Keight. 
Class. Myth. p. 117 f. 4. povos t. dtXAwv, 'alone of all rivers.' Loosely 
spoken of as belonging to the class with which he is contrasted. Similar 
constructions not rare in English. Cf. Milton, Par. Lost, 4, 321 ff. : 

' Sc hand in hand they passed, the loveliest pair 
That ever since in love's embraces met : 
Adam, the goodliest man of men since born 
His sons ; the fairest of her daughters, Eve.' 

6. dvcuraiieis <re. Sta^., ' find repose in mingling with the sea.' 7. £w€- 
otws, ' maintaining your identity.' 9. Pv0ios inroStis, ' diving deep/ 
10. ?oiKas dvciKuxJ/civ v. to Char. 6 (16, 3). 12. cpwKTiicdv ti, ktA., 
' it is a love affair,' etc. 13. T|p&<r0T)s : Dial. Mar. 6, gives an account 

of one of his amours. 18. <roi : ethical -rrov-yfis: partitive. G. 168; 

H. 589. 2. 22. Sid KaSapoO, kt\., ' she bubbles up from a pure - 
source, and her water lends beauty to the pebbles, shining above them 
bright as silver.' For the accuracy of this description, cf. Seneca, Consol. 
ad Marc. 17, and Quaest. Nat. 6, 8. 

P. 126. 1. ws d\T)0dis : v. to Dream, 10 (5, 29). 5. avTos p^v, 
kt\., ' since you are an Arcadian, while she,' etc. 10. |vvavapfyvv<ro, 
kt\., ' mingle with the fountain, and become one stream.' Notice the 
change from singular to plural of the verbs. 



284 DIALOGUES OF THE SEA-GODS. 

3. PANOPE AND GALENE, 

Panope recounts to Galene how Eris with her golden apple disturbed the 
nuptials of Thetis. 

1. 13. "Epis : the goddess of discord ; the only goddess not invited to 
the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis. She avenged herself as this dialogue 
shows. Cf. Tennyson's ' Oenone * : 

'I wish that somewhere in the ruined folds, 
Among the fragments tumbled from the glens, 
Or the dry thickets, I could meet with her, 
The Abominable, that uninvited came 
Into the fair Peleian banquet-hall, 
And cast the golden fruit upon the board, 
And bred this change, — that I might speak my mind, 
And tell her to her face how much I hate 
Her presence, hated both of gods and men.' 

Iv QcrraXia. : at this time the home of Peleus, who had been banished 

from Aegina by Aeacus. For account of the marriage-feast, cf. Catullus, 64. 

Sioti p.TJ : Attic would use ov. 16. dtoi;iavTov . . . 7re\ayos, ' to 

keep the sea meantime unruffled.' True to her name, Galene, which 
means 'calm'; just so Panope ('all-seeing') narrates what she has seen. 
18. p/f) irapovo-ci : G. 283, 4 ; H. 839. 20. 'A\L$\.Tplrr\$ : the wife of 
Poseidon. 21. •jrapaireu.^SevTcs, ' under the escort of.' The newly 
married pair were escorted to the bridal chamber by the father and 
mother of the bride. For the marriage customs, v. Beck. Char. Exc. sc. xii. 
24. 'AiroXkavi : but Catullus, 64, 298 ff. : 

* Inde pater divom sancta cum cor juge natisque 

advenit caelo, te solum, Phoebe, relinquens 

unigenamque simul cultricem montibus Idri.' 

P. 127. 3. t| Ka\-?| \a$4r<a, ' Let the Beauty take it ; ' or freely, * For 
the Fairest.' 4. wcnrcp !£€TrlTT|Ses, ' as if of set purpose.' 2. 6. eire- 
Xc'^aro ' read.' This meaning unknown to Attic Greek, but found in 
Herodotus. 7. v|i€is direo-icoirTJo-aiJLsv : the Nereids were very fair, 
but they had no chance in the presence of superior divinities. 8. ixefvov : 
Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena. 10. &XP 1 X €t P" v > ' to blows.' 14. Upid- 
|i.oi> TTcuSa: Paris. For the appearance of the three goddesses before 
Paris, and his decision, v. Dial. Deor. 20, where Lucian fairly outdoes 
himself. 8s ot8e, kt\., ' for he, as a connoisseur of beauty, can deter- 
mine what is more beautiful.' 



NOTES. 285 

4. DORIS AND THETIS. 

Thetis narrates to Doris the story of Danae, and joins with her in rescuing 
the ex/osed princess and her child. 

P. 128. 1. An oracle came to Acrisius that he was to die at the 
hand of his daughter's son. So, though she was very fair, he doomed her 
to perpetual virginity, and immured her in a brazen tower or subterranean 
chamber. But Zeus came to her in a golden shower, and a son was born. 
Mother and child Acrisius set afloat, thinking they would perish; but 
they were saved, and the oracle came true. Cf. Ovid, Metam. 4; Hor. 
Car. 3, 16; also Cox, as above, tales ' Danae' and ' Akrisios.' Read too, 
in Morris's 'Earthly Paradise,' 'The Doom of King Acrisius.' 8. koX- 
\io-tt|v oficrav, ' though she was very fair.' 10. elireiv, kt\., ' whether 
it is true I cannot say, but any way they say,' etc. 14. dypios tis, 
'a rather stern and jealous old man.' For Tis, v. to Dream, 1. 2. 22. tu 
irdirirw 8eiKvt>o\j<ra : cf. the similar act in Tennyson's ' Dora,' where the 
sight of the innocent child, however, softens the heart of the stern grand- 
sire. 30. Se'pujjov : an island in the Aegean, south-east of Argolis, 
upon which tradition said Danae and her child were rescued. 



5. ZEPHYR AND NOTUS. 

Zephyr describes to JVotus the brave sight he has missed in not seeing Europa 
passing across the sea upon the zvhite bull's back. 

P. 120. 1. 8. aj> oS -ye cljii Kal irve'w, 'since I have lived and 
blown.' For tense, cf. above, 1, 2 (124, 9). 10. txvo, tcuittiv : v. to 
Char. 11 (19, 8). 11. rives- kt\, 'who were they that formed the pro- 
cession.' ire/xTTeiv as used here like iro/inreveiv. 12. tjSicttov Gcxjjl. 
d-n-cX , 'you have lost an exquisite sight, the like of which you will never 
see again.' For gen., v. G. 174; H. 580. 13. &v — 1801s : G. 226, 2, b; 
H. 722. 15. 80-a irapdXia : explains fxepos, — ' so much of the country 
as lies along the sea.' 18. tov t. Evp<6irr|s iron-epa : Europa was the 
daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor. Her beauty was so great as to 
compel the love of Zeus. He appeared to her, as she was gathering 
flowers, in the shape of a beautiful white bull. Europa caressed the bull, 
crowned him with flowers, and finally mounted his back ; whereupon he 
plunged into the sea and swam, carrying her away to Crete. There he 
resumed his own form. Cf. Theocr. 20; Moschus, 2; Ovid, Metam. 2, 



286 DIALOGUES OF THE SEA-CODS 

last part ; and see Keight, 3as 7 _ : - km explanatiow of the mrth. 

22. fioiv : so. Bar/i\<rei~, — 'you are not going to tell thai -.:: ac 

iroXX- ■: r :;— e 23. Tti [«Td Tavra, ' its conseque 1 

P. 130. 2. 4. Xfuicc's T€, m-A., 'for he was pure white, and his 
horns were gracefully curved, and his look mild.' Moschns, 2, S4, c ifi 
as to the color of the bulL He ■ 

kvkAc* --:rr- ■ . .-. 

6. kcu clijtos, ' he too ' ; as well as they. 22. t. Xou.iL *t A. . 

Metam. 2, close: 

' pa- 1 - le ahlata tiTTrl i m 

: altera dorso 
impGsita est : tremafae simcmrur ffamint* ve 

Compare also Tennyson's picture in ' The Palace 
' Or sweet Europa's mantle blew unci a 

From on her shoulder backward borne : 
From one hand droop'd at crocus : one hand ;~ 

I be — - : ill's z: . r/. " : - 

3. 24. ijS-u tovto Secuut etSes : c£. Char : : _ 7 1 1 'twas 

a fine sight that, and a fond one, O Zephyr, you. dd — Zem jwimming 
off with the loved one on his back/ In 1 £e nee lurks the subtle 

satire of the piece. What a sight to behold Ze i rans- 

formed into a bull because of an amoor, and carrying off through th e 
his inamorata upon h 20. tjja^s S« Trdvres, *tA.. ' and « : 

held our breath, and followed in their train as simple spectators o£ what 
was going forward.' 22. fiucpov ec t. 6oX., 

that sometimes they touched the water with the tips of tft 1 The 

vividness of the description makes it probable that Looam had some 
famous picture of this event in mind as he wrote these words. Pic . 

hare been found at Pump eri. 28. kcu eC rx, . . . ISctr, 'and 
whatever else is not of frightful viscge.' For Sfcir t i 7- : : : : H - 

P. 131. 2. «rl vciaa, ' to ; 4. &x&r\ narr. e - 

iru-juinj, 4 showering the bride with biossor: ; 
be here, as just above, r,/j^.evas SaSas <pe: - 

ns. The bride was 1 1 : : 
and ass 1 t ered the doors, was showered with sweetmr 

Z; : 4. 7. ovKen k^taLverOy l dzs3.r - i : t i S. La 

— Is to Auc clrrpcv : Lucian here 
out a plane-tree, under which, near by a fountain, Zeus w: ; 

blushing Europa. 22. Stacvpo&epob 
* began to ruffie with waes.' 22. t-" 5 Ims 



DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. 



INTRODUCTION. 

None of Lucian's writings have enjoyed or deserved greater 
popularity than the thirty short pieces known as the Dialogues of 
the Dead.* It is altogether probable that the conversations of 
Odysseus with various shades in Hades (imitated, it will be remem- 
bered, by Horace, Sat. II. 5) suggested to Lucian the idea of com- 
posing such dialogues. But they afforded him the suggestion only: 
all else is due to his own genius, and he may quite properly be 
called the originator of this style of compositions. 

The general subject of these dialogues, as I have already had 
occasion to remark, is the same as that of the ' Charon,' — the 
vanity of human wishes, the futility of human purposes and pursuits. 
It was a happy thought to transfer the discussion of this question 
to the regions of the dead. There it could be carried on free from 
the preconceptions and prejudices which influence and color all 
thinking upon earth. In the republican equality which reigns in 
the nether world, human distinctions and earth-born greatness could 
be seen in their true light and estimated at their real worth. But 
Lucian's fondness for satire and mockery sometimes leads him into 
extremes, and prevents him from making a just distinction between 
the enduring objects and the worthy ends and aims of life, and 
those which are transitory and unworthy to attract our ambition or 
win our admiration and allegiance. And yet for the most part the 
pretences and humbugs of the world, the meanness of the fawning 

*From the similarity of treatment and scope, 'Cataplus, or the Tyrant,' might very 
well be classed with these dialogues; while ' Menippus, or the Oracle of the Dead,' is 
closely allied. 



288 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. 

legacy-hunter, the cant and hypocrisy of charlatan and impostor, 
the shortsightedness and stupidity of those who place all their hopes 
in wealth and fame, in beauty and pleasure, are held up to our 
reprobation and scorn. Everywhere this thought forces itself upon 
us : the wealth and the wisdom of the world are only for a little 
while ; then death comes whether we will or not, without regard for 
rich or poor, for good or bad, and strips us of all adventitious 
importance, and we pass empty-handed, naked, into the life beyond, 
where the resources of empires will not avail to give us precedence, 
but where we shall be counted for just what we are, — nothing 
more. The greater our pride of life, the more we are engrossed in 
the pursuit of its prizes, the more grievous the after-death equality 
will seem. 

In point of style Lucian is everywhere at his best. The dialogue 
is in its finest, most finished state ; while the indescribable graces 
of his racy humor, keen but delicate satire, piquant, unsparing 
mockery, pervade and permeate the whole. The charm and power 
of these dialogues have been such that they have found numer- 
ous imitators in modern times, One should compare the similar 
dialogues of Fontenelle, of Fenelon, and of Lord Lyttelton, as 
well as the ' Imaginary Conversations ' of Walter Savage Landor ; 
which, however different they may be in aim, recognize the work of 
Lucian as their model. But in gracefulness of style and felicity 
of incidents Lucian will be found unsurpassed by any of his 
imitators. 

The selections here given are, with one exception, those in which 
we hear from our old friend Menippus. It is he from whom the 
ridicule and the mockery come. As in the world, so among the 
shades, the follies of men, nay, even their grave pursuits, are 
subjects for sarcasm and derision. The dialogues have been 
arranged out of their usual order, so as to present the experiences 
of Menippus in the lower world in something like what may be 
considered their chronological order. 



NOTES. 289 

NOTES. 



1. HERMES AND CHARON. 

Hermes presents an itemized bill to Charon, and demands immediate 
settlement. 

P. 132. 1. • 2, ct 8oK€t, ' if you please.' 2. IpiXpykv n, ' that 
we may not in any way have further misunderstanding about them.' 
1 Mayn't have a squabble hereafter about the items.' Franklin. Fr., 
however, arbitrarily omits the ri, and inserts it just below, after upicrOai. 
3. avTwv : i.e. rwv btyziXojxevwv. 4. &fi€ivov, ktA., 'for it is better to 
come to a settlement, — there will be one care less.' 6. cvTciXajicvo) : 

sc. <roi. tt€vt€ 8pa.xp.wv : G. 178; H. 578. 8. ircXXov Xe'-yeis, 'that 

is high.' Said with reference to the five drachmas, nearly a dollar. Cf. 

Vitar. Auct. 26. 9. 'AiSwve'a: an epic form of 'Ai'S^s. twv ire'vTe : 

the article, because reference is had to the five just spoken of. 

d>VTj<rd(jiT]v : Attic would have used iirpia.^.i]v. 10. 8uo 6poXa>v : about 
six cents. 12. dKe'crrpav virlp t. 'mttCov, ' a needle for mending the 

sail'* sc. iKSfiicra. 16. t. dvew-ydra, 'the seams.' kcu -fjXovs 8e, 

' and nails besides.' 17. viripav, * halyard.' 

P. 133. 1. Kal &|ta TavTa a>vii<ru, ' good, you got those cheap.' 
2. Tavrd cany, 'that's all,' etc. 6. Ka,Tair€|n}rr] d0. nvds, 'sends 
dead to us in regular crowds.' 7. -rrapaX. t. -iropG., ' by a false reckon- 
ing of the ferry dues.' Charon had to account, according to Lucian 
(v. Char. 2, and below, 22,3), to Aeacus for all the fees he took in. If 
the dead are numerous, he counts on being able to pocket something on 
the sly for himself. 2. 10. ws &v . . . diroXd^oijxi : for use of &v, 
v. G. 216, 1, n. 2; H. 741. For opt., v. Char. 1 (n, 1). 13. T|p.tv : 
ethical, as frequently with such verbs. Cf. Char. 24 (31, 1). 18. vOv 
hi, kt\. : it is amusing enough to hear the arch-undertakers, Hermes and 
Charon, complaining of dull times and the inferiority of modern corpses. 
But in the remaining words of this speech the humor passes into scorch- 
ing satire. 23. a>s toiKao-i, 'as they seem,' 'so far as I can judge.' 
24. TavTa : viz. xp^aia. 



19 



290 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. 

2. DIOGENES AND POLYDEUKES. 

Diogenes commissions Polydeukes to bid Menippus come to the lower world, 
and charges him at the same time with an exhortation to the philosophos 
and the poor* 

P. 134. 1. 1. lireiSdv to-x- dveX., c as soon as you reach the upper 
world.' 2. <rbv Yap ecrriv, ' for it is your turn/ etc. Ace. to the myth 
here followed, Polydeukes was the son of Zeus and Leda, while Castor 
was the son of Tyndareus. The former, therefore, was immortal ; the 
latter, subject to death. Oh the death of the latter, Polydeukes obtained 
from Zeus that he might every other day exchange lots with his brother ; 
so each lived one day in Hades, then ascended to the upper world. Cf. 
Dial. Deor. 26 ; Verg. Aen. 6, 121 ff. ; Ovid. Fasti, 5, 699 ff. 3. Me'vnr- 
ttov t. Kvva, ' Menippus, the dog '; that is, ' the cynic' kvwv was a nick- 
name of the Cynics, from their filthy, negligent habits and life. Whether 
their regular name (kvjhkos) was given to them for the same reason, or 
from the gymnasium (KiWtrapyes), whese Antisthenes, founder of the 
sect, taught, is matter of doubt. For Menippus, v. Introd. to Icarom. 
4. Kp&veiov : a cpyress grove, near the eastern gate of Corinth, much 
frequented by idlers ;, a favorite resort of Diogenes himself. For the 
Lyceum, v. to Icarom. 21, end. 5. <pi\oo-6(j>wv : G. 177; H. 583, 
6. 8ti: introduces direct quotation, and is not to be translated. 7. Aio- 
yivr\s : the famous Cynic. He lived through the greater part of the fourth 
cent. B.C. His habits were excessively plain and austere, his eccentrici- 
ties innumerable. All that he disapproved he scoffed and ridiculed with 

utmost freedom. <roi : G. 188, 35 H. 600, 9. envyeXao-op-evov : 

G. 277, 3 j H. ySg r d. 10. irokv to, ktA.., 'frequent was the thought/ 
etc. G. 141, n. 7. 12. -yeAcav : G. 279, I ; H. 798. 14. ck jxdv. olp.. 
8ia-y., ktA.., ' recognizable only by reason of their lamentation, and the 
fact that they,' etc. 17. irrjpav : v. to Tim. 57 (61, 8). 18. 0€p|xo>v, 
1 lupines' ; a common article of food. Cf. Beck. Char. Exc. 1 to so. vi. 
19. 'Ek&tt]s SeiTrvov: cf. Catapl. 7. Hecate was a mysterious divinity 
of the lower world, who was credited with sending all sorts of evil spirits 
into the world at night, and who taught sorcery and witchcraft, and the 
like black arts. She was thought to haunt the places where two roads 
meet, and graveyards,, and places where murder had been done. At the 
end of every month dishes of food were offered to her at the cross-roads, 

and this was carried off by the poor people. wbv etc KaQapvlov, ' egg 

of purification.' It was the custom at Athens to purify theatres and other 



NOTES. 291 

places of public assembly by small offerings of this sort For other men- 
tion of eggs for this use, cf. Juven. 6, 516; Ovid, de Arte Am. 2, 329 f. 
2. 22. Sirws 8e €l8£ : elliptical expression ; supply \Qov or ewre. Cf. 

Vitar. Auct. 19. Cob., V. L 108, would change onus to ir&s. oiroio's 

tis, kt\., ' about how does he look?' 24. Tats . . . ttoikCXov, 'covered 
with patches of every conceivable color.' 

P. 135. 4. PovXsi — IvTeiAcDjia,!. : v. to Char. 9 (18, 10). 7. t. p.ev 
6Xov : v. to Char. 2 (12,6). 8. X-rpovo-i : this and fol. parts, predi- 
cative, like yeAwj/ on previous page. twv tfXwv, ' the universe,' as fre- 
quently in Icarom. Kc'paTa : v. to Cock, 11 (71, 22}. 9. KpoKo- 

SeiXovs : the ' crocodile ' was one of the most famous sophisms. Cf. Vitar. 
Auct. 22. It is put in the form of a tale. A mother besought a crocodile, 
that was running off with her child in his jaws, to be so good as to restore 
her boy. ' I will do so,' he replied, ' if you will answer with truth the 
question I shall propound.' The mother promises to do so. ' Tell me, 
then,' says the crocodile, 'am I going to give you back your boy or not ?' 
What is the mother to answer ? Whether one way or the other she will 
not recover the child. If she says ' you will give it up,' he answers 'your 
words are false/ and devours the child. If she says 'you will not give 
him up,' he gives up the child, and so her words are proved false again, 
and she must return it to the munster. In either case she cannot com- 
plain ; he does not break his contract, for she does not answer with truth. 
The grammarian Aphthonius advises the mother to make the latter reply, 
and run off with the child which the crocodile must give up in order to 
convict her of falsehood. ' If she can run faster than the crocodile,' 
Wieland adds, ' this is the best advice, no doubt, so far as saving the 

child is concerned ; but the sophism is still unsolved.' ko.1 to. . . . vovv, 

'and practise the mind in asking,' etc. 13. <rv . . . Xe'-ye, 'tell them 
from me to go howl I' 3. 17. ri 8e, ktA. : cf. Char. 20. 19. e'va 
d(3oX6v : v. to Char. 20(27,3}. 27. iravTa fiia Mtjkovos, 'all quite 
alike.' Myconos, one of the Cyclades, the people of which were all said 
to be bald ; whence the proverb. For other instances of the proverb, cf. 
Strabo, 10, p. 487 ; Plutarch, Symp. 1, p. 616 B. Consult the note of 

Hemsterh. on this passage. <J>ao-£, ' as they say.' 28. koXXovs : 

G. 180, 1 ; H. 584,/. 

P. 136. 4. 1. Ad,Ka>v : inasmuch as he was the son of Leda, wife 
of Tyndareus, king of Sparta. 6. el 8ok€? : v. above, 1,1. 7. IkXc- 
\v<r8at avTovs, ' they have become effeminate.' 12. ols = tovtols ous. 
direveyKov : Attic would have been aireveyne. Cf. Veitch, p. 670. 



292 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. 



3. CHARON, HERMES, AND DIVERS DEAD. 

Hermes brings a party of dead to the shore of Styx. Charon directs that 
before embarking they must lay aside all they had brought with them from 
life. Hermes stations himself at the bridge^ and sees that this injunction 
is strictly carried out. 

1, With this dialogue compare Cataplus ; and also Plato's Gorgias, 
p. 524 ff., which seems to have given Lucian many ideas both for this 
dialogue and Cataplus. 14. tjjuv : G. 184, 3, n. 4 ; H. 598. 16. ^v 
Tpairrf eiri 0JL, olx.. ircpiT., ' if it incline to one side, over we go.' For use 
of part, v. G. 279, 4, n. ; C. 591, e, n. 23. •yvjj.vovs : cf. Char. 20. 

P. 137. 1. Kal o#r«$, ' even in that case.' 2. to dirb tovtov, 
'from this time on.' r6 adverbial. Cf. to iirl tout^j, Char. 7 (16, 15). 
5. irapd t. diropdGpav, ' at the ladder.' 2. 8. oirrocrl ris 6 irpayrds 
«rri : notice arrangement of words. Usual order were, 6 irpwros olros 
ris i<rn. ovroai y ' this man here,' is purposely placed first. 11. t6v 
TpiJJcova, kt\., * fortunately I did not bring my cloak with me.' ov5e 
emphatic. Cf. Char. 17 (24, 23). For t. rpifiuva, to fiaicTpov, and 
7] Trtjpa, cf. Tim. 57 (61, 8). 3. 16. XapjxoXews : reference is prob- 
ably had to a real character, though nowhere else do we hear anything 
about him. 19. avTois <j>i\^j|ia<ri, ' kisses and all.' 4. 21. 6 t^|v 
7rop<{>vp£8a : v. to Char. 9 (18, 7). 24. Adp-iri^oS; TeXwwv Ttipavvos, 
' Lampichus, tyrant of Gela,' a well-known city on the southern coast of 
Sicily. 27. rl oSv; 'why, then?' repeats the previous question at 
the beginning of the answer, as we so often in English. 

P. 138. 1. <rot : ethical ; v. to Char. 1. 5. ovkovv dXXa, /ctA.., 
' well, let me keep at least,' etc. 6. etpecrrpiSa : same as iropfvplda, 
just above. 5. 15. AapacrCas : of Amphipolis, victor in the foot 
races at Olympia, Ol. 115. Cf. Lexiph. 11. 16. &hko.s, 'you look 

like him.' o!Sa — ISwv : ind. disc. G. 280. Hermes was patron of 

gymnastic sports. 21. Iirct, ' otherwise'; lit., 'since (if you don't) you 
will,' etc. 24. t. K-r\pvy\iaTa : the public proclamations of victory by 
the herald. 6. 30. t. IvTatpia, 'grave-clothes'; often very fine and 
expensive. Cf. De Luctu, n. 

P. 130. 2. dv€K^pv^€, ' proclaimed you'; viz. as benefactor. 6. rl 
. . . ird0oijii: cf. Char. 2 (n, 23) ; Tim. 39 (51, 28). 8. 13. 6 <r€p.vos, 
kt\. : with this description compare Tim. 54 f . 14. PpcvOwojicvos : 
cf. Tim. 54 (59, 4). 15. 6 Iirl t. <J>povr., ' lost in his thoughts.' 



NOTES. 293 

17. <f>iXdcro<j>ds tis, ' a sort of philosopher.' Menippus speaks, as 
the philosopher — a man of his own class — appears upon the scene. 

24. Xdyovs dKcivOwSeis, ' thorny doctrines and involved speculations.' 

25. dXXd kcu, ' nay, even.' 

P. 140. 2. iroia, kt\., ' what galley of fifty oars could hold you ? ' 
9. 7. 7T€vtc [ivat : something more than six pounds. 11. ireXeKw t. 
vcanrrjviKcCv, ' a ship-carpenter's axe.' For construction, cf. Dream, I, 
Ttxvr)v r. fiavavaoov. Frequent in Lucian. 19. |3oijXei — d<j)€Xa)p.ai : 
v. above, 2, 2 (135, 4). 23. KdOapp-a : v. to Char. 10 (18, 29). 
27. KoXaKeiav, ktA , ' flattery, which served him many a good turn in 
his life.' 30. t. &Xv. k. t. yev., ' your freedom from regret, and your 
high spirits.' 

P. 141. 1. jjlovos t. &XX<ov: v. Dial. Mar. 2, 1 (125, 4). 3. dXXd 
Kal, ' but rather.' 10. 10. Xiie t. airoyeia, ' loose the moorings.' 
12. €ti9vv£ t. irrjS., 'mind the helm.' 13. €V7rXow[X€v, 'fair voyage 
to us ! ' 11. 14. <ru 6, kt\., ' you who just had your beard chopped 
off.' 19. to, iroia : v. to Tim. 28 (46, 16). 24. cm t. <ro<ju'a, 'for 
his wisdom.' 27. 8s eVircvcra, kt\. : Menippus committed suicide ; so 
it was said. 12. 29. fi£Ta£i> Xdywv : v. to Char. 24 (30, 12). 

P. 142. 5. KctKciva : repeats the subject with strong emphasis. 
6. d(j>9o'vois t. X£0oi$, ' with stones innumerable.' 8. tovtu) : Cob., 
V. L. 229, changes this to tovtwl ; otherwise article would be necessary 
with noun. 10. criiv ywaiiiv : for funeral ceremonies, v. Beck. Char. 

Exc. to sc. ix. 13. 15. TU7rro|X€va)v, ' striking themselves.' 

oirdrav, ktA.., ' when they shall gather to give me burial.' 17. -yewdSas 
et, 'you are plucky.' 19. cvGeiav tKzivr\v irpoidvrcs, 'keeping the straight 
road forward there.' G. 159, n. 5; H. 509, b, o. 21. irpota>|ji€v, ktA. : 
said to his fellow-travellers after Hermes and Charon have started back. 
24. Tpo\oiJS, ktX. : allusion to Ixion, Sisyphus, and Tityus. Cf. Od. 
11, 576 ff. ; 593 ff. ; Ovid, Met. 4, 457 ff. ; Verg. Aen. 6, 595 ff. 



4. CHARON AND MENIPPUS. 

Charon demands his obol of Menippus, who flatly refuses to pay. 

P. 143. 1. This may be thought of as an incident in the trip just 
described. 1. dirdSos, ktA, ' pay me your fare, you rascal.' 2. d tovto 
0-01 TJSiov, ' if it is any pleasure to you.' 3. <pTjju : v. to Dial. Deor. 
2, 2, (119, 16) dv8' <Sv, ' for this, that,' etc. H. 518, b. 5. ovk dv 



294 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. 

Xd^ois: G. 226, 2, b\ H. 722 t. p.f| 'dxovros : G. 283, 4; H. 839. 

13. h<xttjv, ' to no purpose ' ; i. e. so far as Charon is concerned. 

2. 17. vf) AC, ktA., ' by Zeus, I 'm in good business if,' etc. For 
ui/afxriv, v. to Char. 24 (31, 4). 19. ovk diro. <rov, ' I shan't let you -off.' 
20. tovtov ye cVsko,, ' as for that,' etc. 23. Se'ov : sc. iariv. 

P. 144. 5. fjiovos t. dXXwv : v. to Dial. Mar. 2, 1 (125, 4). 6. ovSc'v, 
kt\., ' that is nothing when the fare is in question.' 7. Oejxis, /^j. 

3. 9. x^-piev Xeycis, ' a clever idea that.' 11. jjtfj iv. oSv, ' don't bother 
then.' 13. Gepp.ov<5 . . . Kal t. 'Ek. t. Seiirvov : v. above, 2, 1, end. 
20. kovScvos avTtp piXei, ' and he cares for nobody.' 22. &v ore \d(3co 
ttot€ : aposiopesis. Cf. Cock, 29 (88, 29). 23. civ ^dp-ps, kt\., * if 'you 
catch me, my good sir, — ah, but you won't catch me twice.' 



5. MENIPPUS AND AEACUS. 

Menippus, with Aeacus as cicerone, sees and converses with many of the 
ancient worthies. 

P. 145. 1.1. irpos t. IIXov. : he courteously swears by the god of 

the lower world. ircpiTJYrjcrai : v. to Char. I (11, 13). 5. Ke'pjoepcs : 

the many-headed watch-dog at the gate of Hades. 6. IIvpi.aSXc'ye'OovTa : 
v. to Char. 6 (15, 11). 9. 'Eptvvs : avenging deities of terrible aspect, 
three in number, — Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera. 13. 'ISojxcvcvs : 
king of Crete, leader of the Cretans before Troy ; Ajax, son of Telamon, 
next to Achilles bravest of the Greeks ; Diomede, leader of the Argives. 
2. 16. paGcu, ktA., ' bless me, Homer, how the great heroes of thy 
songs lie cast upon the ground, unknown and ugly,' etc. 18. d|i€VT|v& 
. . . icdp-qva, ' feeble heads, in very truth.' An Homeric expression ; cf. 
Od. 10, 521. For us a\7)6a>s t v. to Dream. 10 (5, 29). 20. Kvpos : 
v. to Char. 9; where also Croesus. 21. SapSavdiraXXos : v. to Char. 23. 

22. MiSas : v. to Tim. 42. H*p£ T l s : ^ m § °f Persia, and leader of 

the Persian hosts against Greece, 480 B.C. Just below, reference is made 
to the bridge of boats by which he crossed the Hellespont, and the canal 
by which he cut through the isthmus connecting Mount Athos with the 
mainland. 23. dra : v. Cock, 2 (63, 10). 25. otos, kt\., ' but what 
a figure Croesus cuts ! ' 

P. 14G. 5. cvko€v dXXd, kt\., ' well, I will at least spit in the 
effeminate fellow's face, come what may.' 3. 7. PovXei €iriS€t£co : 
v. to Char. 9 (18, 10). 9. IIvGcrydpas : v. to Cock, 4, and passim. 



NOTES. 295 

10. E&J>opp€ : v. to Cock, 17. 13. xpvcrous 6 p,T)pos : v - to Cock, 
18 {yj, 20). 14. <f>e'p€ l8w : v. to Char. 4 (14, 12). 16. »<tt€ ou 
tovto <rot eSwSifiov : v. to Cock, 4 (65, 18). 19. ovSev i'crov, kt\. : 
allusion to the Pythagorean dogma quoted in note to Cock, 4 (66, 10). 

4. 22. ot &XX01 : viz. Bias, Chilo, Cleobulus, and Periander. 23. cirrd 
8^, kt\., * they are seven in all, you see.' 26. 6 t. <j>\u. e£nv., ' he so 
covered with blisters.' 27. ' Ep/ireSoxXris : v. to Icarom. 13. 29. x ^-- 
kotov : a mocking title of s Empedocles, in allusion to the brazen slippers 
which he is said to have worn, and one of which, as the story goes, was 

thrown up by Aetna after he had cast himself into the crater. 

ti ira9a>v, ' how did you get the notion,' etc. MT. 109, n. 7, b. 

P. 147. 1. p.e\a\x°M a Tl S> ' a sort of madness.' 3. iroXX^ 
Kopv£x, ' great stupidity.' 4. ovtc dvctfjiov ovto., ' as you well deserved.' 

5. &{>a>pd0T]s "yap T€0vews, ' for it came to light that you had died.' It 
was alleged that Empedocles's reason for casting himself into Aetna was 
that there might be no witness of his death, and so he might be held to 
be a god. The slipper was the silent witness against him. 8. p.€T& 
N«rr. k. IIa\. : allusion to the next to the last chapter of Plato's Apology, 
where Socrates expresses pleasure at the prospect of enjoying in the after- 
life, without fear of censorship, conversation with those who had suffered 
unjust condemnation, or who had been distinguished for their great 
wisdom. Palamedes was one of the generals before Troy, condemned 
at the instigation of Odysseus on the charge of treason, and stoned to 
death. 5. 21. kcu rd -ye, kt\. : cf. the similar marks of the trite 

philosopher, Icarom. 5. avTd, ' simply.' 24. dX\a ewpaKas, ' but 

you saw in what manner,' etc. That is, it is no wonder the schools have 

degenerated, for you know what the founders themselves were. irapd 

<roi : the dat. here after verb of motion, to mark the result of the motion, — 
1 came, and were with you.' 25. 'Apfo-Turiros : the founder of the 
Cyrenaic school, who made pleasure the highest aim of life. Cf. Cic. 

De Off. 3, 33. 26. p.vpou : G. 171, 2 ; H. 576. 6 8* t. kv 2. -rvp. 

Geo. €K(x. : it is a slander on the part of Menippus to imply that Plato 
played the courtier while at the court of Dionysius in any improper w r ay. 
23. (j>povoutriv : subject general, ' people.' 

P. 148. 2. ov8£v elSoTi : Socrates said that the great distinction 
between him and other men was just this: they were all equally ignorant; 
but they thought they knew something, while he knew he did not. Cf. 
Plat. Apol. passim ; and Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1, 4, 16. 6. 6. Xapp.t8r]s, 
kt\. : disciples of Socrates. 7. 6 tow KXeivCou : viz. Alcibiades. 



2g6 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. 

9. ovk oXi-ywpeis t. KaXdiv : this is a little inconsistent with what is fre- 
quently said elsewhere in these dialogues. If all were equally bald and 
fiat-nosed, and all that, there was of course no beauty. Lucian had better 
have left this scoff out. 10. ti -yap, ' why, what,' etc. 14. goitca. 
— "ye\do-eo-8cu : v. to Char. 6 (16, 3). 



6. PLUTO, or versus MENIPPUS. 

Croesus eo77iplains for himself and others to Pluto, that Menippus with his 
jeers and gibes gives them no comfort in bewailing their lost grandeur. 

1. 21. irapoiKowTCt : predicative. G. 279, i; H. 798. 22. kclto.- 
otttjctov, ' set him down somewhere (in quiet), or,' etc. Schaefer, how- 
ever, changes to iierda-T-qcrov, and Cob. and Fr. approve. 23. ojxdveKpos 
<J5v, ' who is your fellow dead-man.' Only found here. 

P. 149. 8. ti tcu)t& 4>ao-iv ; 'what do they mean by this?' Short 
expression for ti raurd i<mv a. <j>a(Ttv. 2* 20. oSt<u -yivioo-KeTe, kt\., 
' rest assured that I shall never cease.' This said after Pluto has retired. 
For construe, cf. X. Anab, 1, 3, 6. 27. ttoLvtcov ckcivcov: cf. Iud. Voc. 8, 
for similar gen. Usually the ace, as in Tim. 18. 30. KTTjjiaTwv : for 
this and the foil, gens., v. to Char. 13 (22, 15). 

P. ISO. 4. *yvw3i o-cumSv : a saw accredited to Chilo. It was 
inscribed in golden letters in the Delphic temple of Apollo. 5. -Trpe'inn 
■yap &v, kt\., * for 'twill be fine, sung to the accompaniment of groans like 
these.' 



7. MENIPPUS AND HERMES. 

Menippus asks Hermes to point out to him the persons famous when alive 
for their beauty, and moralizes, Hamlet-fashion, over the shell of Helen. 

1. 7. irou 8e : with this we are introduced into the midst of a conver- 
sation. 9. KaT ckcivo, ' yonder.' 10. 'YdiavOos : a youth of Lace- 
daemon, famous for his beauty. How he was beloved by Apollo and 
Zephyr, and how the latter caused the discus of the former to veer so 
as to strike and kill him, may be read in Dial. Deor. 14. Cf. Ovid, 
Met. 10, 162 ff. From his blood sprang the hyacinth. 11. NdpKuro-os : 
son of the river god Cephissus and the nymph Liriope. He was 
untouched by the passionate love of Echo, and the gods punished his 



NOTES. 297 

hcartlessness by making him fall in love with his own image reflected in 
a fountain. As he could not attain this, he pined away and died. Cf. 
Ovid, Met. 3, 341 ff Nipevs : cf. II. 2, 673, — 

Nipevs, os /cdAAioros avr\p vtto "IAiop rj\&ev. 

12. Tvpw : daughter of Salmoneus, the beloved of Poseidon. Cf. 
Od. 11, 235 ff. 21. toxjtI t. Kpav. tj 'EX.. ecrriv : cf. Hamlet, 5, 1, — 
' Now get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch 
thick; to this favor she must come.' 2. 22. dra: v. Cock, 2 (63, 10). 

Tovro : viz. t. Kpaulov. 

P. 151. 5. TOtfjS', kt\. : II. 3, 157. 6. el' tis pXe'iroi . . . 8d£ei : 
v. to Dream, 8 (4, 23). 10. tovto 0aup.d£a>, el (nfjj, 'I am astonished at 
this, that the Greeks did not perceive,' etc. 12. 7rovowT6s : G. 280. 



8. NIREUS, THERSITES, AND MENIPPUS. 

Nireus and Thersites appeal to Menippus as to which is the handsomer. 
He cannot tell them apart ! 

1. 20. r£ves kcU : v. to ri Kai, Dream, I. 22. Nipevs k. ©cpa-Cn^s : 

the first the handsomest, the second the ugliest, man in the Greek host. 
For latter, cf. II. 2, 212 ff. 

P. 152. 5. 6 TvcpX.ds : the common tradition of Homer's blindness 
very cleverly used by Thersites to defend himself. 8. SvTtva kcu : as 
just above, rives kxL 9. ipi, ktA. : changed from II. 2, 672 f. 

2. 13. dpa, 'forsooth.' 8ia.KpivoiT* &v : G. 226, 2, b ; H. 722. 

18. ovstpaTa, ' idle dreams.' 19. eK€iva, ' your former appearance.' 
22. lo-oTijxia, kt\., ' equality reigns in Hades, and all here are just alike.' 
Death, the great leveller, does away with all the inequalities that so per- 
plex thee in this world. In the after-life the distinctions that men make 
are unknown ; ' for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor 
wisdom in the grave, whither thou goest.' 



JOHN ALLYN, Publisher, 30, Franklin Street, Boston. 



KEEP'S HOMER'S ILIAD. 

WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 

BY 

ROBERT P. KEEP, Ph.D., 

WILLISTON SEMIXABY, EASTHAMPTOJT, MASS. 



BOOKS I.-VI. With a fac simile of a page of the Venetian 
Manuscript of the Iliad. 12mo. 364 pages. $1.50. 

BOOKS I.-III. Without the fac-simile. 12mo. 216 pages. 80 

cents. , 

In this work much labor has been bestowed upon the introductory 
matter, which constitutes a distinctive feature of the book. It contains an 
Essay upon the Origin, History, and Transmission of the Homeric Poems, 
giving in the form of a connected narrative full explanation in regard to the 
Homeric question ; an Essay on Scanning, which presents the subject in a 
simple, untechnical way, and illustrates the Homeric verse by the aid of 
English hexameters; and a concise yet complete Sketch of the Homeric 
Dialect. The Notes have been made quite full, and aim to supply that col- 
lateral information so much needed in the study of Homer. Eeferences 
are made to the Greek Grammars of Hadley (Allen's new edition) and 
Goodwin. 

A very attractive feature of the Six-Book edition is a perfect fac-simile 
of a page of the famous Venetian Manuscript of the Iliad, — the best man- 
uscript of Homer and one of the finest of all existing manuscripts. 

No pains have been spared to make these the best-equipped 
and the most useful editions of the Iliad -which can be put into 
the hands of a pupil, and they are almost universally accepted, 
not only as the best school editions in the English language of 
any part of Homer, but also as text-books of altogether excep- 
tional merit. 



Keep's Homer s Iliad. 



The Nation, N. Y. — It is seldom that we feel called upon to express un- 
qualified approbation of a text-book for schools; but Mr. Robert P. Keep's edition 
of the Iliad of Homer, Books I. -VI., leaves so little room for fault-finding that we 
shall not attempt any. Facing the titlepage is a beautiful fac-simile of a page ot 
the Codex Venetus A (13 x 10 inches), the most important MS. of the Iliad. The 
introduction gives a very good summary of the results of investigations of modern 
scholars as to the origin and mode of transmission of the Homeric Poems ; and, 
though necessarily brief, it will yet inform the student of what many quite recent 
text-books of the Iliad do not, that there is such a thing as " the Homeric ques- 
tion," and impart some idea of its nature and the different answers which have 
been given to it. The sections on the structure and scansion of Homeric verse, 
on the dialect of Homer, and the commentary generally, show a nice appreciation 
of what a student needs and ought to have. Altogether the book is very handsome 
and very scholarly, and we have no doubt will prove very useful. (October 18, 
1883.) 

Professor Jacob Cooper, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. — No col- 
lege edition of Homer has appeared, either in this or any other country, in the last 
twenty years, that shows a superior knowledge of what is needed in the class- 
room. 

Professor N". L. Andrews, Madison University, Hamilton, N.Y. — A more 
satisfactory edition of the first six Books of the Iliad than this by Dr. Keep could 
hardly be prepared. Every scholarly instructor and every good student wiil value 
especially the introductory matter. 

Professor George H. White, Principal Preparatory Department, Oberlin 
College, Ohio. — Keep's Iliad is evidently superior to any edition now in use, and 
we have voted to adopt it for our classes. The introductory matter is valuable, and 
includes a satisfactory outline of the Homeric forms ; the notes are scholarly, grace- 
ful, and suggestive ; and the whole work reveals the hand of the experienced and 
enthusiastic teacher. 

Professor B. Perrin, Adelbert College, Cleveland, Ohio. — I can clearly see that 
it is by far the best in the field, and I shall at once recommend it for the preparatory 
department, and use it myself. I am especially grateful for the chapter on scan- 
ning, which could not be improved ; also for the fac-simile of Venetus, and the 
table of grammatical references; but above all for the wealth of class-room ex- 
perience which has been incorporated in the book. That cannot be supplied by 
mere erudition. 

Professor Chas. F. Smith, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. — l have 
examined Keep's Iliad with the greatest care, and consider it by far the best Amer- 
ican edition, and, indeed, one of the very best text-books we have. 

Professor Alexander Kerr, State University, Madison, Wis. — Keep's Iliad 
is incomparably the best edition which has appeared in this country. 



John Allyn, Publisher, 30, Franklin Street, Boston* 

Professor J. H. Wright, Dartmouth College. — It possesses many features 
that place it far beyond all its competitors. 

W. C. Collar, Head-Master Rozbury Latin School, Boston. — It is certainly 
one of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most useful, of school-books ; in 
fact, I don't know what could be better suited to the needs of a student beginning 
Greek. 

Professor B. L. Cilley, Phillies Exeter Academy, Exeter, N. H. — When my 
next class take the Iliad I shall certainly use your new edition. It is just the 
thing for them. 

Professor E. P. Morris, Williams College, Mass. — I am at present leading the 
Odyssey with a class, and have been comparing Keep's Iliad with Merry's edition 
of the first twelve books of the Odyssey. I think the former decidedly superior to 
the latter, both in the notes and in the introduction ; and as to the school-editions of 
the Iliad, there is not one which will stand a comparison with this. 

Professor Francis W. Tustin, University at Lewisburg, Pa. — I have no 
hesitation in saying, that in all respects this is the best American edition of the 
Iliad that I have seen. I shall use it hereafter with my classes in Homer. With 
such text-books as this, there is little danger that " Greek must go " from the curri- 
cula of our colleges. 

Professor Edward B. Clapp, Illinois College, Jacksonville, 111. — I will 
not say anything about its external appearance, which is charming, or its typog- 
raphy, which is almost ideal. But the introductory matter suits me better than 
anything I have seen in a school-edition, and after comparing the notes on the First 
Book, line by hue, with those in one of our most popular editions, I am convinced 
that they are better, fresher, and less mechanical. 

Professor E. Alexander, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. — It is 
not easy to think of anything which the editor has omitted in the making of this 
perfect text-book. It is filled with clearly arranged matter, quite beyond the usual 
range of such books, and students of Homer will thank Dr. Keep for putting so 
thoroughly good a book within their reach. 

George L. Fox, High School, New Haven, Conn.— My class and I will both, 
I am sure, take a keener interest in reading Homer because of this admirable text- 
book, for which every teacher of Greek must be grateful to Mr. Keep. It is not 
easy for any one to deny that it is altogether the best edition for school use. 

Professor James Wallace, Wooster, Ohio. — I have examined it with consid- 
erable care, and have no hesitation in pronouncing it an ideal text-book. 

Professor John B. Foster, Colby University, Waterville, Me. — I greatly 
admire the volume in all its features, and very heartily join in the high commenda- 
tion which it has received from so many eminent teachers. 



COMSTOCK'S FIRST LATIN BOOK. 



A First Latin Book, designed as a Manual of Progressive Exercises and 
Systematic Drill in the Elements of Latin, and Introductory to Caesar's 
Commentaries on the Gallic War. By D. Y. Comstock, M. A., Instruc- 
tor in Latin, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 12mo, half leather. 
310 pages. $1.00. 



The design of this book is to furnish a Manual, complete in itself, 
which shall give a thorough preparation for the intelligent study of Caesar's 
Gallic War. It contains: I. A Brief Eeview of English Grammar; II. 
The Elementary Principles and Definitions of Latin Accidence ; III. The 
Latin Lessons, with exercises for translation, notes, and test questions ; 
IV. The Notes, giving a concise but complete outline of all essential princi- 
ples of Latin Syntax; V. An Appendix of all the necessary forms of 
inflection ; VI. Latin-English and English-Latin Vocabularies. 

It is heartily commended by the many teachers who are 
using it as superior to all other books of the same class, in the 
vital points of fulness and accuracy, of clearness and concise- 
ness, of judicious gradation and arrangement, and of absolute 
completeness. 

John S. White, LL.D., Head-Master Berkeley School, New York City.— 
Comstock's Latin Book I find the best book for its purpose that I have ever used. 
The review of English Grammar at the beginning ; the separation of the vocabu- 
laries from the exercises ; judicious and progressive presentation of the various 
uses of the verb in the different moods ; and the condensed exhibit of the gram- 
mar, — are such valuable features gathered within the covers of a text-book, that 
it has no rival. 

C. S. Moore, Principal High School, Taunton, Mass. — Having compared 
the book with several other elementary Latin books, I have come to the conclusion 
that Comstock's is the best one for our use. My reasons for preferring it are as 



John Allyn, Publisher, 30, Franklin Street, Boston. 

follows : 1. It is complete, requiring no grammar for those who take Latin for 
a short time. 2. It is concise without being deficient in material for drill. 3. It 
is judicious both in the arrangement of vocabularies, notes, &c, and also in the 
gradation of matter. 4. The "Essentials of Grammar" and the "Notes on Syn- 
tax" give, in about 90 pages, a very useful and conveniently arranged summary of 
all that the ordinary pupil needs to know. 5. The brief synopsis of English 
Grammar gives an opportunity (much needed) to review the fundamentals of Eng- 
lish Grammar, and compare and contrast them with those of Latin Grammar. 
I find no other book that combines these advantages. 

Nathan Thompson, A.M., Principal Lawrence Academy, Groton, Mass. — 
It is altogether the best Latin book for beginners with which I am acquainted. 

Professor H. W. Johnston, Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois. — It seems 
to me superior to any book of the kind hitherto published, and I regard the Essen- 
tials of Latin Grammar as the best statement possible of what a boy must learn in 
his first j'ear. 

Professor John L. Cooper, Vanderbilt Preparatory School, Nashville, Tenn. — 
With reference to the book, I can speak only in the highest terms. Indeed, I do 
not think that there has ever been issued an Elementary Latin Exercise Book that 
can compare with it in any respect. I say this advisedly, as I have examined 
almost all issued in this country, and the most prominent English ones ; and, with- 
out hesitation, I pronounce Mr. Comstock's the best book of its kind published. 

Professor H. C. Missimer, High School, Erie,, Pa. — It is very easy to see 
that Comstock's First Latin Book is the work of a thorough teacher, who has had 
actual experience in the class-room with the difficulties which beginners in Latin 
usually meet. Its classification and methods are thorough and complete. The 
language is so clear, so simple, and school-like, that the dullest pupil, if he read 
carefully, should understand without further explanation. Mr. Comstock has hit 
the nail on the head. He knows just what and just how much grammar is needed 
for good, clean work. We have had Leighton and Jones, — both good, — but we 
like Comstock more, because it is better. 

Professor R. F. Pexnell, Head-Master Buffalo Latin School, Buffalo, 
N.Y. — I have examined with care Comstock's First Lessons in Latin. The book 
shows the hand of a practical teacher, who understands the difficulties which are 
constantly encountered by the beginner in Latin. I consider it the best book yet 
published on the subject, and shall at once use it in the Buffalo Latin School. 

Professor E. S. Shumway, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. — I know 
not when I have seen such a combination of thoroughness and practical common- 
sense in matter with taste in outer dress. I take pleasure in using it myself, and in 
recommending it to teachers. 



Comstock's First Latin Book. 



Professor R. Nutting, D.D., Blackburn University, Illinois. — Having taken a 
large class of beginners through Comstock's First Latin Book, I am happy to report 
that I find it not only satisfactory, but admirable, as a class-room manual. Its 
chief points of excellence, as they occur to me, are: — 

First. Its brief review of English Grammar, which I found more serviceable 
to the entire class than I had supposed possible. 

Second. The judicious order in which the syntactical peculiarities of the lan- 
guage are introduced, and the lucid explanations which accompany them. 

Third. The frequent and timely recurrence of examples compelling review 
of principles and forms previously introduced. 

In all these respects and in others peculiar to the work (as, for instance, the 
condensed appendix of forms) I consider it preferable to any other work of the kind 
with which I am acquainted. 

Professor A. Stephenson, Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa. — After 
testing Comstock's First Latin Book in my class this year, I am happy to say that I 
deem it beyond comparison. It is the most complete book for beginners that I have 
ever seen in any language. Difficulties which, to previous classes, seemed almost 
insurmountable have, by my class this year, been easily overcome. The notes are 
wonderfully clear and concise, and in every respect it proves itself so excellent a 
manual that I cannot do better than continue its use. 

Professor John W. Heston, Pennsylvania State College. — I have to-day 
(March, 1885) just finished taking my class through Comstock's First Latin Book, 
and wish to say that I consider it the best preparatory book I have ever used. 
After studying it for six months, my class this year reads Csesar with more facility 
and better success than my previous classes have ever done, after they had spent 
a whole year on preparatory lessons. To me the great charm of the book lies in 
the simplicity of its arrangement, and the clearness and conciseness with which 
even the most difficult matters, like conditional sentences, are explained. 

Professor George T. Ettinger, M.A, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pa. — 
I find it excellent in every respect. The Review of English Grammar is a new and 
excellent idea. I like the simplicity of statement which pervades the entire book. 
The object seems to be to instruct the student, not to spread the author's knowledge 
of philology. The boy who studies it at all faithfully must be well prepared for his 
higher course in Latin. 

Professor Edwin Post, Be Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind. — It has all the 
distinctive characteristics of the best introductory books, and some that many of 
them lack. The notes are wonderfully fresh, interesting, and clear; and all its fea- 
tures combine to make it a first-rate book, — binding, typography, arrangement and 
development of topics, and clearness and accuracy of presentation. 






John Allyn, Publisher, 30, Franklin Street, Boston. 



Mr. I. N. Careeton, Bradford, Mass. — Comstock's First Latin Book seems 
clearly to be a work of superior merit. An examination of its well-filled pages 
convinced me that it was the best work for me to use with classes starting in Latin, 
and the result has fully justified my choice. 

Thomas D. Supplee, A.M., Head-Master Ear court Place School, Gambier, 
Ohio. — After a careful examination and comparison of Comstock's First Latin 
Book with other books under consideration, I decided to use it with my classes, and 
wish to say that the book has given perfect satisfaction. I am delighted to find 
between the covers of a single book exactly what I think classes beginning Latin 
require. 

Mr. I. B. Bttrgess, Rogers School, Newport, R. I. — It is accurate, practical, 
well arranged, and clear in statement. I have seen nothing so complete as this 
manual for the first year's study of Latin. 

Professor H. W. Johnston, Jacksonville, III. — I have used Comstock's Latin 
Lessons with a class in Whipple Academy this year, and have found it in all 
respects the best manual, for the use of beginners, that I have tried. The class is 
reading Ca?sar more satisfactorily than any previous one under my instruction. I 
heartily commend the method of the work, and believe the author has accom- 
plished all he has claimed for it in his preface. 

Mr. J. H. Parsons, Central Institute, PitUfeld, Me. — I have used Com- 
stock's First Latin Book during the present school year, and I take pleasure in 
saying that it is by far the best book for beginners that I have ever used. 

Professor A. M. Mattison, Baldwin University, Berea, Ohio.— I have been 
using Comstock's Latin Book this year, and am well pleased with it. I do not 
know of any better book for beginners. 

Professor E. Alexander, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. — Comstock's 
Latin Book is in use in our preparatory department, and is perfectly satisfactory. 
A better text-book is not often seen. 

O. D. Robinson, Master High School, Albany, N. Y.— With its general plan 
and arrangement I am much pleased, and many of its features seem to me of superior 
excellence. Among them I should mention the Review of English Grammar, so 
advantageous for a beginner; the condensed form of the essentials of Latin Gram- 
mar ; the close conformity in the phraseology to the text of Caesar; the regular 
progression of its lessons towards the one important end of reading Caesar; the 
admirable treatment of the indirect discourse ; the chapter added entire from 
the first Book of Coesar; and the references and explanations, so helpful and 
suggestive to the beginner in dealing with idioms. In short, I have every 
reason to expect the very best results from the use of Mr. Comstock's book in the 
class-room. 



BENNETT'S LATIN BOOKS 



By GEORGE L. BENNETT, M.A., 

Head Master of the High School, Plymouth, Eng., formerly Assistant Master 
at Rugby School. 



i. Easy Latin Stories for Beginners. With Vocabulary and 

Notes. 16mo. 70 cts. 

The aim of this book is to supply easy stories illustrating the elementary 
principles of the Simple and Compound Sentence. It is intended to be used 
either as a First Reader, introductory to Caesar, or for reading at sight, 
for both of which purposes it is admirably adapted. The stories are various 
and amusing, and it is hoped the notes will be found careful and judicious. 

II. First Latin Writer. Comprising Accidence, the easier Rules 

of Syntax, illustrated by copious examples and Progressive Exer- 
cises in Elementary Latin Prose, with Vocabularies. 16mo. 90 cts. 

" The book is a perfect model of what a Latin Writer should be, and is so 
graduated that from the beginning of a boy's classical course it will serve 
him throughout as a text-book for Latin Prose Composition." 

III. First Latin Exercises. Containing all the Rules, Exercises, 

and Vocabularies of the First Latin Writer, but omitting the 
Accidence. 16mo. 70 cts. 

IV. Second Latin Writer. Containing Hints on Writing Latin 

Prose, with graduated continuous Exercises. 16mo. 90 cts. 

Intended for those who have already mastered the elementary rules of 
Latin Prose, this book contains hints on the difference between English and 
Latin in idiom and in style, some notes on the commoner difficulties, and a 
table of differences of idiom. The Three Hundred Exercises are fresh and 
interesting, and give ample room for selection. 



BENNETT'S LATIN BOOKS, Continued. 



One or more of the above books are NOW IN USE in Phillips- 
Exeter Academy ; Phillips- Andover Academy ; St. Paul's School, 
Concord, N. H. ; St. Mark's School, Southboro', Mass. ; St. Johnsbury 
Academy ; Adams Academy, Quincy, Mass. ; Williston Seminary, 
Easthampton ; Harvard College ; Amherst College ; Boston Univer- 
sity ; Indiana University ; and many other institutions of similar 
standing. 

From Principal A, C. Perkins, Exeter Academy. 

" We take Bennett's ' First Latin Writer ' as the Best Manual of Latin 
Composition for the first two years of our course. The * Easy Latin Sto- 
ries ' by the same author is excellently fitted for pupils when they are begin- 
ning to read Latin." 

From Dr. H. T. Fuller, St. Johnsbury Academy. 

" We have used Bennett's ' First Latin Writer ' for the last two years, 
and find it eminently satisfactory. Instead of giving detached sentences 
to illustrate special grammatical principles, like most books of the sort, it 
takes the pupil over a well-graded series of exercises to the writing of con- 
nected discourse. It involves a knowledge of all the principles of Grammar 
and Latin Idioms, and, by a skilful selection of review work, obliges the 
pupil to keep what he has once acquired. Its breadth of vocabulary is com- 
mendable in that it is not restricted to the words of any single author." 

From The N. E. Journal of Education 

" In the ' Latin Writers ' the editor has not sought by a special and limited 
vocabulary to assist the pupil in reading one particular author, but has 
rather endeavored, by a copious vocabulary and gradual but frequent use of 
all the rules of Syntax, to give the pupil an excellent foundation for a sound 
and comprehensive knowledge of Latin Prose Composition. The exercises, 
too, are interesting in themselves, and take up the different idiomatic pecul- 
iarities in such an easy and natural way, that the pupil almost unconsciously 
masters them, without having them glaringly thrust upon him in little 
detached sentences, which, when mixed up in a narrative, he fails of course 
to recognize. We cordially recommend these books to the attention of all 
classical teachers." 



JOHN ALLYN, Publisher, 30, Franklin Street, Boston. 



John Ally n > Publisher, 30, Franklin Street, Boston. 



PROFESSOR PENNELL'S TEXT-BOOKS. 



Ancient Greece, from the Earliest Times down to 146 B.C. By 
R. E. Pennell, Professor of Latin in Phillips-Exeter Academy. 
With Maps and Plans. 16mo. 130 pages. 60 cents. 

Rome, from the Earliest Times down to 476 A.D. 16mo. 206 
pages. 60 cents. 

These books are compiled respectively from the works of Curtius and 
Rawlinson, and from Mommsen and Niebuhr. They contain amply sufficient 
matter to prepare a pupil for any of our colleges. All minor details are, 
however, omitted, thus avoiding a confused mass of matter so perplexing to 
every beginner. Important events, names, and dates are printed in heavy 
type, strongly impressing them upon the student's memory. 

Professor George R. Gear, Marietta College, Ohio. — I regard Professor 
Pennell's "Ancient Greece" and "Rome" as capital compendiums, preserving 
admirably, not merely the dry bones, but the juicy meat of larger works. 

Professor O. Howks, Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y. — It is an excellent 
summary of Roman history, — a difficult task well performed. 

Rev. Martin E. Cady, Poultney, Vt. — It is by far the best compendium of 
Roman history that I have seen for classes in academies. 

Professor W. M. Jefferis, Delaware College. — It is a most judicious epitome 
of Greek history, containing just those salient points about which all the minor 
events naturally group themselves. Teachers and pupils will rejoice to be free 
from Smith's maze of petty names and events. 

A. P. Peabody, D.D., Harvard University. — I know of no other compend of 
Roman Geography and History so well fitted for students in the early stages of a 
classical education. In addition to its worth as a school book, it is of no little value 
as a reference book for the leading names, dates, and facts of Roman history. 

The Latin Subjunctive. A Manual for Preparatory Schools. 
By Professor R. E. Pennell. 16mo. Sewed. 56 pages. 25 cents. 

Professor W. L. Threlkeld, Kentucky University, Lexington, Ky. — It is the 
best elementary manual of the Latin Subjunctive that can be placed in the hands 
of a beginner. 

T. B. Mackey, Gouverneur, N. Y. — I believe it to be the best work on the 
subject for preparatory schools. The hand of the experienced teacher is discernible 
throughout. The classification of conditional sentences is especially to be com- 
mended. 



FRENCH TEXT BOOKS. 



BlHARDENAL'S FRENCH SERIES. 

FIRST FRENCH COURSE, or Rules and . Exercises for 
Beginners. By C.-A. Chardenal. 16mo, 220 pages. 60 cents. 

SECOND FRENCH COURSE, or French Syntax and Reader. 
16mo, 250 pages. 75 cents. 

FRENCH EXERCISES FOR ADVANCED PUPILS, containing 
Rules of French Syntax, Exercises on Rules and Idioms, and a 
Dictionary of nearly Four Thousand Idiomatical Verbs, Sentences, 
Phrases, and Proverbs. 16mo, 332 pages. $1.00. 

These books have been carefully graded to meet the wants alike of the begin- 
ner and of the advanced pupil. Taken together, they furnish a complete course of 
French grammar, with exercises for translation into French and English. The 
first two volumes contain, in addition, a French Reader, with complete vocabularies ; 
and the last book contains also a long list of French idioms, arranged in sections, 
with exercises for translation and retranslation on each section. 

I have examined very carefully the book of Chardenal you had the kindness u> 
9end me. I shall most certainly use it in some of my classes, and introduce it next 
year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. —Professor J. Levy, Boston. 

Monsieur Chardenal's system of teaching French, unlike that of some modern 
professors, is based upon a sound and thorough comprehension of the rules of the 
language. He does not profess to teach French in a fortnight, or, may be, in a 
week ; but tells his pupils at the outset that the knowledge of French, like any other 
knowledge worth acquiring, can only be got at by hard and persevering" labor, 
extended over a considerable space of time. We cordially recommend his volumes. 
— London Spectator. 

They are certainly the best books for the teaching of French I have ever seen, 
and I have no hesitation in making them the text-books here. — Professor M. B. 
Anderson, Butler University, Indiana. 

Le recueil d'exercices public par M. Chardenal r^pond parfaitement, selon moi, 
au but que l'auteur se propose. . . . En un mot, ces exercices apprendront aux 
Aleves a parler francais, au lieu de se servir de phrases litte'ralement traduites de 
l' anglais. — Professor Karcher, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. 

Je puis vous dire, en toute since'rite', que vous avez fait un travail bon et utile. 
Le recueil d'expressions idiomatiques est excellent et ferait a lui seul le succe's de 
votre livre. — Professor Ch. Cassal, LL.D., University College, London. 

Les regies sent si breves et si claires, les themes si bien gradue"s, et les idiot- 
iflmes si bien rendus en anglais, que Tutilite'du livre pour les maitres aussi bien que 
pour les Aleves n'admet aucun doute. — Professor Schaffer, St. Andrews University 



John Allyn, Publisher, 30, Franklin Street, Boston. 



NEW BOOKS. 



Moss's First Greek Reader. With Introduction, Notes, and 
Vocabulary. By Professor Charles M. Moss, Wesleyan Univer- 
sity, Illinois. 16mo. 

It is the aim of the author to furnish a Greek book for beginners which 
shall be simple and interesting, and at the same time contain a large number 
of such words, phrases, and idioms as are of frequent occurrence in Attic 
Greek. There has for some time been a demand for such a book, to pre- 
cede the Anabasis, which is of uneven difficulty, and which is quite apt, 
when read slowly by a beginner, to grow very tedious. 

The book contains no disconnected sentences. It consists of a series 
of carefully graduated exercises for translation, beginning with the simplest 
stories, and ending with extracts from Xenophon, Herodotus, and Lucian, 
which have been changed and adapted to the knowledge of the beginner. 
The text is preceded by valuable hints on translation, and followed by notes 
and a complete vocabulary. 

It is believed that the time spent in reading this book, before taking up 
any Greek author for consecutive study, will be more than saved in the 
subsequent rapid progress of the pupil. 

Lucian. Short Extracts. With Introduction and Notes by Pro- 
fessor Charles R. Williams, Lake Forest University. 16mo. 
180 pages. 80 cents. 

Containing The Dream, Timon, and Seventeen Dialogues. 

Professor J. E. Goodrich, University of Vermont. — These dialogues of 
Lucian are just the thing for rapid reading or for reading at sight. Lucian is so 
alert, so keen, and withal so modern in feeling and temper, that the student is driven 
to read on and on, just to see how the witty debate will end. I am glad to see that 
Professor Williams has furnished an edition which will fully meet the demands of 
the class-room. 

Professor B. Perrin, Adelbert College, Ohio. — The book is very well edited, 
and admirably gotten up, as are all of your recent publications. It fills a gap, cer- 
tainly, in the list of serviceable text-books, and I hope to put it to a practical test 
before long. 






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